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The following is a timeline of low-temperature technology and cryogenic technology (refrigeration down to close to absolute zero, i.e. –273.15 °C, −459.67 °F or 0 K). [1] It also lists important milestones in thermometry , thermodynamics , statistical physics and calorimetry , that were crucial in development of low temperature systems.
The history of artificial refrigeration began when Scottish professor William Cullen designed a small refrigerating machine in 1755. Cullen used a pump to create a partial vacuum over a container of diethyl ether, which then boiled, absorbing heat from the surrounding air. [13]
The refrigerator: William Cullen (1748) [166] The flush toilet: Alexander Cumming (1775) [167] The vacuum flask: Sir James Dewar (1847–1932) [168] The first distiller to triple distill Irish whiskey: [169] John Jameson (Whisky distiller) The piano footpedal: John Broadwood (1732–1812) [170] The first automated can-filling machine John West ...
Cameo of William Cullen (close-up), Hunterian Museum, Glasgow Burial enclosure of William and Robert Cullen in Kirknewton. William Cullen FRS FRSE FRCPE (/ ˈ k ʌ l ən /; 15 April 1710 – 5 February 1790) was a Scottish physician, chemist and agriculturalist, and professor at the Edinburgh Medical School. [3]
1748 – William Cullen demonstrates the first artificial refrigeration in a public lecture at the University of Glasgow in Scotland. 1759 – John Harrison uses a bimetallic strip in his third marine chronometer (H3) to compensate for temperature-induced changes in the balance spring. This converts thermal expansion and contraction in two ...
In 1748, the first known artificial refrigeration was demonstrated by William Cullen at the University of Glasgow. [1] Mr. Cullen never used his discovery for any practical purposes. This may be the reason why the history of the icemakers begins with Oliver Evans, an American
Engineers during World War Two test a model of a Halifax bomber in a wind tunnel, an invention that dates back to 1871.. The following is a list and timeline of innovations as well as inventions and discoveries that involved British people or the United Kingdom including predecessor states in the history of the formation of the United Kingdom.
William Cullen (1710–1790), UK – first artificial refrigerator Rose Cumming (1887–1968), U.S. – metallic wallpaper Emily Cummins (born 1987), UK – sustainable refrigerator, water carrier, toothpaste dispenser