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  2. List of caliphs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_caliphs

    A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. [1] [2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.

  3. List of Muslim states and dynasties - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_states_and...

    This article includes a list of successive Islamic states and Muslim dynasties beginning with the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (570–632 CE) and the early Muslim conquests that spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula, and continuing through to the present day.

  4. Caliphate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate

    A caliphate (Arabic: خِلَافَةْ, romanized: khilāfah) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph [1] [2] [3] (/ ˈ k æ l ɪ f, ˈ k eɪ-/; خَلِيفَةْ khalīfa [xæ'liːfæh], pronunciation ⓘ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim ...

  5. List of Abbasid caliphs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Abbasid_caliphs

    During his reign Eastern Islamic World was invaded by Mongols. The great cities like Bukhara, Samarkand were destroyed and millions of Muslims were killed. 37 2 December 1242 – 20 February 1258 al-Mustaʿṣim bi-'llāh: ʿAbd Allāh Al-Mustansir; Hajer, Abyssinian concubine; Last Abbasid caliph of Later Abbasid Era; End of the Abbasid ...

  6. Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hafs_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi

    Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi (Arabic: أبو حفص الهاشمي القرشي) is the fifth and current caliph [a] of the Islamic State.He was named as caliph on the 3 August, 2023, in an audio message by the spokesperson of the IS, Abu Hudhayfah Al-Ansari, whose announcement came four months after the death of his predecessor Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi.

  7. Islamic monarchy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_monarchy

    An Islamic monarchy is a monarchy which adheres to Islam as its state religion and is an Islamic state fully governed by Sharia. Historically came under various forms, such as Mamlakah ("Kingdom"), Caliphate, Sultanate, or Emirate, current Islamic monarchies include: Kingdom of Bahrain; Monarchies of Malaysia; Brunei Darussalam; Hashemite ...

  8. Umayyad Caliphate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate

    The Muslim Arabs were at the top of the society and saw it as their duty to rule over the conquered areas. The Arab Muslims held themselves in higher esteem than Muslim non-Arabs and generally did not mix with other Muslims. As Islam spread, more and more of the Muslim population consisted of non-Arabs.

  9. ‘Islamophobia’ by Huffington Post

    testkitchen.huffingtonpost.com/islamophobia

    A comprehensive list of discriminatory acts against American Muslims might be impossible, but The Huffington Post wants to document this deplorable wave of hate using news reports and firsthand accounts.