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A mnemonic is a memory aid used to improve long-term memory and make the process of consolidation easier. Many chemistry aspects, rules, names of compounds, sequences of elements, their reactivity, etc., can be easily and efficiently memorized with the help of mnemonics.
Electrons in an ionic bond tend to be mostly found around one of the two constituent atoms due to the large electronegativity difference between the two atoms, generally more than 1.9, (greater difference in electronegativity results in a stronger bond); this is often described as one atom giving electrons to the other. [5]
Ionic bond strengths are typically (cited ranges vary) between 170 and 1500 kJ/mol. [8] [9] Polarization power effects Ions in crystal lattices of purely ionic compounds are spherical ; however, if the positive ion is small and/or highly charged, it will distort the electron cloud of the negative ion, an effect summarised in Fajans' rules .
[9] [10] Hydrogen bonds are amongst the strong intermolecular interactions know other than ion-dipole interactions. [10] For intermolecular hydrogen bonds the δ+ hydrogen interacts with a δ- on an adjacent molecule. Examples of molecular solids that hydrogen bond are water, amino acids, and acetic acid.
To form an ionic bond, a halogen atom can remove an electron from another atom in order to form an anion (e.g., F −, Cl −, etc.). To form a covalent bond, one electron from the halogen and one electron from another atom form a shared pair (e.g., in the molecule H–F, the line represents a shared pair of valence electrons, one from H and ...
In an ionic bond, oppositely charged ions are bonded by electrostatic attraction. [19] It is possible to describe ionic bonds with molecular orbital theory by treating them as extremely polar bonds. Their bonding orbitals are very close in energy to the atomic orbitals of the anion. They are also very similar in character to the anion's atomic ...
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Covalent and ionic bonding form a continuum, with ionic character increasing with increasing difference in the electronegativity of the participating atoms. Covalent bonding corresponds to sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms of essentially equal electronegativity (for example, C–C and C–H bonds in aliphatic hydrocarbons).