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Hence, all the alkali metals are soft and have low densities, [5] melting [5] and boiling points, [5] as well as heats of sublimation, vaporisation, and dissociation. [10]: 74 They all crystallise in the body-centered cubic crystal structure, [10]: 73 and have distinctive flame colours because their outer s electron is very easily excited.
Lithium metal is soft enough to be cut with a knife. It is silvery-white. In air it oxidizes to lithium oxide. [10] Its melting point of 180.50 °C (453.65 K; 356.90 °F) [13] and its boiling point of 1,342 °C (1,615 K; 2,448 °F) [13] are each the highest of all the alkali metals while its density of 0.534 g/cm 3 is the lowest.
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Cs > K > Na > Li > alkaline earth metals, i.e., alkali metals > alkaline earth metals, the same as the reverse order of the (gas-phase) ionization energies. This is borne out by the extraction of metallic lithium by the electrolysis of a eutectic mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride: lithium metal is formed at the cathode, not ...
It mixes with all the other alkali metals (except lithium); the alloy with a molar distribution of 41% caesium, 47% potassium, and 12% sodium has the lowest melting point of any known metal alloy, at −78 °C (−108 °F). [17] [21] A few amalgams have been studied: CsHg
Elemental magnesium is a gray-white lightweight metal, two-thirds the density of aluminium. Magnesium has the lowest melting (923 K (650 °C)) and the lowest boiling point (1,363 K (1,090 °C)) of all the alkaline earth metals. [16] Pure polycrystalline magnesium is brittle and easily fractures along shear bands.
The enthalpy of adsorption of ununennium on a Teflon surface is predicted to be 17.6 kJ/mol, which would be the lowest among the alkali metals. [86] The ΔH sub and −ΔH ads values for the alkali metals change in opposite directions as atomic number increases. [5]
Potassium is the second least dense metal after lithium. It is a soft solid with a low melting point, and can be easily cut with a knife. Potassium is silvery in appearance, but it begins to tarnish toward gray immediately on exposure to air. [21]