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Ultrasonic cleaning is a process that uses ultrasound (usually from 20 to 40 kHz) to agitate a fluid, with a cleaning effect. Ultrasonic cleaners come in a variety of sizes, from small desktop units with an internal volume of less than 0.5 litres (0.13 US gal), to large industrial units with volumes approaching 1,000 litres (260 US gal).
The ultrasonic cleaner is a bath full of liquid. The liquid can transmit acoustic energy from the bottom of the bath to the solution in the container. This cleaner often generates ultrasound with low frequencies (from 20 to 60 kHz) and is inexpensive.
Barbara Kanegsberg ed.: Handbook for critical cleaning. 2001, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. ISBN 0-8493-1655-3; Malcolm C. McLaughlin et al.: The aqueous cleaning handbook : a guide to critical-cleaning procedures, techniques, and validation. 2000, The Morris-Lee Publishing Group, Rosemont, New Jersey, USA. ISBN 0-9645356-7-X
Sonochemistry can be performed by using a bath (usually used for ultrasonic cleaning) or with a high power probe, called an ultrasonic horn, which funnels and couples a piezoelectric element's energy into the water, concentrated at one (typically small) point.
Sonication can be used for the production of nanoparticles, such as nanoemulsions, [5] nanocrystals, liposomes and wax emulsions, as well as for wastewater purification, degassing, extraction of seaweed polysaccharides [1] and plant oil, extraction of anthocyanins and antioxidants, [6] production of biofuels, crude oil desulphurization, cell disruption, polymer and epoxy processing, adhesive ...
Gases are removed for various reasons. Chemists remove gases from solvents when the compounds they are working on are possibly air- or oxygen-sensitive (air-free technique), or when bubble formation at solid-liquid interfaces becomes a problem. The formation of gas bubbles when a liquid is frozen can also be undesirable, necessitating degassing ...
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