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  2. State of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter

    The Sun's corona, some types of flame, and stars are all examples of illuminated matter in the plasma state. Plasma is by far the most abundant of the four fundamental states, as 99% of all ordinary matter in the universe is plasma, as it composes all stars. [4] [5] [6]

  3. List of states of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter

    Quasicrystal: A solid in which the positions of the atoms have long-range order, but this is not in a repeating pattern. Different structural phases of polymorphic materials are considered to be different states of matter in the Landau theory. For an example, see Ice § Phases. Liquid: A mostly non-compressible fluid. Able to conform to the ...

  4. Platonic solid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_solid

    For each solid Euclid finds the ratio of the diameter of the circumscribed sphere to the edge length. In Proposition 18 he argues that there are no further convex regular polyhedra. Andreas Speiser has advocated the view that the construction of the five regular solids is the chief goal of the deductive system canonized in the Elements. [5]

  5. Regular polyhedron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_polyhedron

    The five Platonic solids have an Euler characteristic of 2. This simply reflects that the surface is a topological 2-sphere, and so is also true, for example, of any polyhedron which is star-shaped with respect to some interior point.

  6. Molecular solid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_solid

    A well-studied example is the radical ion salt TTF-TCNQ with a conductivity of 5 x 10 2 Ω −1 cm −1, [5] much closer to copper (ρ = 6 x 10 5 Ω −1 cm −1) [8] than many molecular solids. [ 31 ] [ 18 ] [ 30 ] The coulombic interaction in TTF-TCNQ stems from the large partial negative charge (δ = -0.59) on the cyano- moiety on TCNQ at ...

  7. Polyhedron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhedron

    Examples of prismatoids are pyramids, wedges, parallelipipeds, prisms, antiprisms, cupolas, and frustums. The Platonic solids are the five ancientness polyhedrons—tetrahedron, octahedron, icosahedron, cube, and dodecahedron—classified by Plato in his Timaeus whose connecting four classical elements of nature. [19]

  8. Crystal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal

    A crystal is a solid where the atoms form a periodic arrangement. (Quasicrystals are an exception, see below). Not all solids are crystals. For example, when liquid water starts freezing, the phase change begins with small ice crystals that grow until they fuse, forming a polycrystalline structure.

  9. List of mathematical shapes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_shapes

    5 Platonic solids: 4 Kepler–Poinsot solids: 3 tilings: ... For example, in a polyhedron (3-dimensional polytope), a face is a facet, an edge is a ridge, ...