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This would ultimately become the quantized values of the projection of spin, an intrinsic angular momentum quantum of the electron. In 1927 Ronald Fraser demonstrated that the quantization in the Stern-Gerlach experiment was due to the magnetic moment associated with the electron spin rather than its orbital angular momentum. [ 7 ]
An electron's angular momentum, L, is related to its quantum number ℓ by the following equation: = (+), where ħ is the reduced Planck constant, L is the orbital angular momentum operator and is the wavefunction of the electron.
The associated quantum number is the main total angular momentum quantum number j. It can take the following range of values, jumping only in integer steps: [ 1 ] | ℓ − s | ≤ j ≤ ℓ + s {\displaystyle \vert \ell -s\vert \leq j\leq \ell +s} where ℓ is the azimuthal quantum number (parameterizing the orbital angular momentum) and s is ...
Quantities with a subscript 1 are for the parent ion, n and ℓ are principal and orbital quantum numbers for the excited electron, K and J are quantum numbers for = + and = + where and are orbital angular momentum and spin for the excited electron respectively. “o” represents a parity of excited atom.
Each electron also has angular momentum in the form of quantum mechanical spin given by spin s = 1 / 2 . Its projection along a specified axis is given by the spin magnetic quantum number, m s, which can be + 1 / 2 or − 1 / 2 . These values are also called "spin up" or "spin down" respectively.
The two spin quantum numbers and are the spin angular momentum analogs of the two orbital angular momentum quantum numbers and . [8]: 152 Spin quantum numbers apply also to systems of coupled spins, such as atoms that may contain more than one electron.
The spin magnetic quantum number m s specifies the z-axis component of the spin angular momentum for a particle having spin quantum number s. For an electron, s is 1 ⁄ 2 , and m s is either + 1 ⁄ 2 or − 1 ⁄ 2 , often called "spin-up" and "spin-down", or α and β.
Electrons in free space can carry quantized orbital angular momentum (OAM) projected along the direction of propagation. [1] This orbital angular momentum corresponds to helical wavefronts, or, equivalently, a phase proportional to the azimuthal angle. [2] Electron beams with quantized orbital angular momentum are also called electron vortex beams.