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The Pollyanna principle (also called Pollyannaism or positivity bias) is the tendency for people to remember pleasant items more accurately than unpleasant ones. [1] Research indicates that at the subconscious level, the mind tends to focus on the optimistic; while at the conscious level, it tends to focus on the negative.
The differences between pessimists and optimists can be understood in terms of explanatory style: Permanence: Optimistic people believe bad events to be temporary happenings rather than permanent failures, and thus bounce back quickly from them, whereas others may take longer periods to recover or may never recover. They also believe good ...
Optimism bias or optimistic bias is a cognitive bias that causes someone to believe that they themselves are less likely to experience a negative event. It is also known as unrealistic optimism or comparative optimism. It is common and transcends gender, ethnicity, nationality, and age. [1] Autistic people are less susceptible to this kind of ...
Defined by Luthans and Carolyn M. Youssef, PsyCap is "an individual's positive psychological state of development and is characterized by: (1) having confidence (self-efficacy) to take on and put in the necessary effort to succeed at challenging tasks; (2) making a positive attribution (optimism) about succeeding now and in the future; (3 ...
The goal is to minimize pathological thoughts that may arise in a hopeless mindset and to develop a sense of optimism toward life. [42] Positive psychologists seek to encourage acceptance of one's past, excitement and optimism about one's future, and a sense of contentment and well-being in the present. [43]
Some research has suggested a pessimistic explanatory style may be correlated with depression [3] and physical illness. [4] The concept of explanatory style encompasses a wide range of possible responses to both positive and negative occurrences, rather than a black-white difference between optimism and pessimism.
There is much debate about the relationship between explanatory style and optimism. Some researchers argue that optimism is simply the lay-term for what researchers know as explanatory style. [ 23 ] More commonly, it is found that explanatory style is distinct from dispositional optimism, [ 24 ] so the two should not be used interchangeably as ...
The most notable difference between SOC and hardiness is the challenge facet, with the former highlighting stability whereas the latter emphasizes change. Hardiness and the remaining constructs of locus of control, dispositional optimism, and self-efficacy all emphasize goal-directed behaviour in some form.