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Papilledema or papilloedema is optic disc swelling that is caused by increased intracranial pressure due to any cause. [1] The swelling is usually bilateral and can occur over a period of hours to weeks. [2] Unilateral presentation is extremely rare. In intracranial hypertension, the optic disc swelling most commonly occurs bilaterally.
If the papilledema has been longstanding, visual fields may be constricted and visual acuity may be decreased. Visual field testing by automated perimetry is recommended as other methods of testing may be less accurate. Longstanding papilledema leads to optic atrophy, in which the disc looks pale and visual loss tends to be advanced. [5] [9]
The causes of macular edema are numerous and different causes may be inter-related. It is commonly associated with diabetes.Chronic or uncontrolled diabetes type 2 can affect peripheral blood vessels including those of the retina which may leak fluid, blood and occasionally fats into the retina causing it to swell.
Anticholinergic drugs are used to treat a variety of conditions: Dizziness (including vertigo and motion sickness-related symptoms) Extrapyramidal symptoms, a potential side-effect of antipsychotic medications; Gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., peptic ulcers, diarrhea, pyloro spasm, diverticulitis, ulcerative colitis, nausea, and vomiting)
Chronic inflammation within the eye including iridocyclitis, medications including anti glaucoma drugs, or proliferative vitreoretinopathy causes decreased production. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Increased outflow or aqueous loss may occur following a glaucoma surgery , trauma, post-surgical wound leak from the eye, cyclodialysis cleft, tractional ciliary body ...
Cavernous sinus thrombosis, associated with infection of the paranasal sinuses, proptosis, periorbital oedema, retinal haemorrhages, papilledema, extraocular movement abnormalities, and trigeminal nerve sensory loss; Carotid-cavernous fistula – classic triad of chemosis, pulsatile proptosis, and ocular bruit; Cluster headache; Trichinellosis
The more common features of the disease are summarized in the acronym POEMS: Papilledema (swelling of the optic disc) often but not always due to increased intracranial pressure) is the most common ocular sign of POEMS syndrome, occurring in ≥29% of cases.
Non-physiological causes of mydriasis include disease, trauma, or the use of certain types of drug. It may also be of unknown cause. It may also be of unknown cause. Normally, as part of the pupillary light reflex , the pupil dilates in the dark and constricts in the light to respectively improve vividity at night and to protect the retina from ...