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Disulfiram is a medication used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to ethanol (drinking alcohol). Disulfiram works by inhibiting the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (specifically the ALDH2 enzyme [3]), causing many of the effects of a hangover to be felt immediately following alcohol consumption.
Disulfiram-alcohol reaction (DAR) is the effect of the interaction in the human body of alcohol drunk with disulfiram or some types of mushrooms. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The DAR is key to disulfiram therapy that is widely used for alcohol-aversive treatment and management of other addictions (e.g. cocaine [ 3 ] [ 4 ] use).
Drugs which cause disulfiram-like reactions upon ingestion of alcohol as an unintended effect include: [6] [1] [7] Abacavir Cephalosporins , but only these with a methylthiotetrazole side chain or a methylthiodioxotriazine ring; thought to be due to common N -methylthiotetrazole metabolite , which is similar in structure to disulfiram. [ 8 ]
This prevents the substrate itself from binding which halts the production of folic acid, an essential nutrient. Bacteria must synthesize folic acid because they do not have a transporter for it. Without folic acid, bacteria cannot grow and divide. Therefore, because of sulfa drugs' competitive inhibition, they are excellent antibacterial agents.
Thus, there remains lingering doubt about the mechanisms of ethanol listed here, even for the GABA A receptor, the most-studied mechanism. [24] In the past, alcohol was believed to be a non-specific pharmacological agent affecting many neurotransmitter systems in the brain, [25] but progress has been made over the last few decades.
Nitrofurantoin has historically been reported to be a disulfiram-like drug and to produce alcohol intolerance-type reactions when combined with alcohol. [53] However, subsequent clinical studies failed to replicate these findings and the earlier results have been deemed erroneous. [53]
The overall incidence of adverse drug reactions to sulfa antibiotics is approximately 3%, close to penicillin; [3] hence medications containing sulfonamides are prescribed carefully. Sulfonamide drugs were the first broadly effective antibacterials to be used systemically, and paved the way for the antibiotic revolution in medicine.
Sulfasalazine is in the disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) family of medications. [5] It is unclear exactly how it works. [5] One proposed mechanism is the inhibition of prostaglandins, resulting in local anti-inflammatory effects in the colon. [4] The medication is broken down by intestinal bacteria into sulfapyridine and 5 ...