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Commonly, a binomial coefficient is indexed by a pair of integers n ≥ k ≥ 0 and is written (). It is the coefficient of the x k term in the polynomial expansion of the binomial power (1 + x) n; this coefficient can be computed by the multiplicative formula
where n is the total sample size, X_ i is the sum of items correct for the ith respondent and ¯ is the mean of X_ i values. If it is important to use unbiased operators then the sum of squares should be divided by degrees of freedom ( n − 1) and the probabilities are multiplied by n / ( n − 1 ) . {\textstyle n/(n-1).}
Faulhaber also knew that if a sum for an odd power is given by = + = + + + + then the sum for the even power just below is given by = = + + (+ + + (+)). Note that the polynomial in parentheses is the derivative of the polynomial above with respect to a .
The sum is taken over all combinations of nonnegative integer indices k 1 through k m such that the sum of all k i is n. That is, for each term in the expansion, the exponents of the x i must add up to n. [2] [a] In the case m = 2, this statement reduces to that of the binomial theorem. [2]
In elementary algebra, the binomial theorem (or binomial expansion) describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial.According to the theorem, the power (+) expands into a polynomial with terms of the form , where the exponents and are nonnegative integers satisfying + = and the coefficient of each term is a specific positive integer ...
In number theory, the sum of squares function is an arithmetic function that gives the number of representations for a given positive integer n as the sum of k squares, where representations that differ only in the order of the summands or in the signs of the numbers being squared are counted as different. It is denoted by r k (n).
for k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n, where =!! ()! is the binomial coefficient. The formula can be understood as follows: p k q n−k is the probability of obtaining the sequence of n independent Bernoulli trials in which k trials are "successes" and the remaining n − k trials
For the ring R = Z[√−5], both the module R and its submodule M generated by 2 and 1 + √−5 are indecomposable. While R is not isomorphic to M, R ⊕ R is isomorphic to M ⊕ M; thus the images of the M summands give indecomposable submodules L 1, L 2 < R ⊕ R which give a different decomposition of R ⊕ R.