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  2. Economy of Pakistan - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan

    The foreign exchange reserves had declined by more than $10 billion to a level of $6.59 billion. In June 2013, Pakistan was on the brink of default on its financial commitments. The country's forex reserves were at a historic low, covering only two weeks' worth of imports.

  3. Profit and loss sharing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_and_loss_sharing

    The intention is to promote "the concept of participation in a transaction backed by real assets, utilizing the funds at risk on a profit-and-loss-sharing basis". [2] Profit and loss sharing is one of two categories of Islamic financing, [2] the other being debt like instruments [5] such as murabaha, istisna'a (a type of forward contract ...

  4. Islamic banking and finance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance

    Some of the modes of Islamic finance include mudarabah (profit-sharing and loss-bearing), wadiah (safekeeping), musharaka (joint venture), murabahah (cost-plus), and ijarah . Sharia prohibits riba , or usury , generally defined as interest paid on all loans of money [ 2 ] [ 3 ] (although some Muslims dispute whether there is a consensus that ...

  5. Islamic finance products, services and contracts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_finance_products...

    While the original Islamic banking proponents hoped profit-loss sharing (PLS) would be the primary mode of finance replacing interest-based loans, [56] long-term financing with profit-and-loss-sharing mechanisms is "far riskier and costlier" than the long term or medium-term lending of the conventional banks, according to critics such as ...

  6. List of business and finance abbreviations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_business_and...

    P&L – Profit and Loss; P2B – Platform to Business [12] PA – Purchasing agent or Personal Assistant; PA – Promotional Activity [citation needed] PAT – Profit After Tax; PBT – Profit Before Tax; P/E – Price-to-earnings ratio; PE – Private Equity; PEG – Price-to-earnings growth ratio; PHEK – Planherstellungskosten (Product ...

  7. Income statement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_statement

    Sankey Diagram - Income Statement (by Adrián Chiogna) An income statement or profit and loss account [1] (also referred to as a profit and loss statement (P&L), statement of profit or loss, revenue statement, statement of financial performance, earnings statement, statement of earnings, operating statement, or statement of operations) [2] is one of the financial statements of a company and ...

  8. Reserve (accounting) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_(accounting)

    Reserves created from profit, especially retained earnings, i.e. accumulated accounting profits, or in the case of nonprofits, operating surpluses. [3] However, profits may be distributed also to other types of reserves, for example: legal reserve fund from profit - many legislations require creation of the fund as a percentage of profits

  9. Balance sheet - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_sheet

    In financial accounting, a balance sheet (also known as statement of financial position or statement of financial condition) is a summary of the financial balances of an individual or organization, whether it be a sole proprietorship, a business partnership, a corporation, private limited company or other organization such as government or not-for-profit entity.