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In the first line of defense, inhaled bacteria are trapped by mucus and are swept toward the pharynx and are swallowed. [1] Bacteria which penetrate the mucous layer are dealt with a second line of defense which includes antimicrobial peptides that are secreted by the surface epithelium of the respiratory tract which kill many strains of ...
In humans and many other animals, acid–base homeostasis is maintained by multiple mechanisms involved in three lines of defense: [5] [6] Chemical: The first lines of defense are immediate, consisting of the various chemical buffers which minimize pH changes that would otherwise occur in their absence.
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Many species, however, use mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in the structurally simplest forms of life, with bacteria using a unique defense mechanism, called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogens, called bacteriophages. [158]
The Swiss cheese model of accident causation is a model used in risk analysis and risk management. It likens human systems to multiple slices of Swiss cheese , which has randomly placed and sized holes in each slice, stacked side by side, in which the risk of a threat becoming a reality is mitigated by the differing layers and types of defenses ...
Lindsay Clancy, the Massachusetts mother accused of strangling her three young children to death before attempting to kill herself, is seeking an insanity defense, court records show.
It is essential older people wear appropriate footwear to reduce their fall risk. Footwear should fit properly and have non-skid, or non-slip, soles. This includes shoes and sneakers, but also ...
[3] The most effective control measure is eliminating the hazard and its associated risks entirely. The simplest way to do this is by not introducing the hazard in the first place. For instance, the risk of falling from a height can be eliminated by performing the task at ground level.