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  2. Laminar–turbulent transition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminarturbulent_transition

    Reynolds’ 1883 experiment on fluid dynamics in pipes Reynolds’ 1883 observations of the nature of the flow in his experiments. In 1883 Osborne Reynolds demonstrated the transition to turbulent flow in a classic experiment in which he examined the behaviour of water flow under different flow rates using a small jet of dyed water introduced into the centre of flow in a larger pipe.

  3. Moody chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody_chart

    The chart plots Darcy–Weisbach friction factor against Reynolds number Re for a variety of relative roughnesses, the ratio of the mean height of roughness of the pipe to the pipe diameter or /. The Moody chart can be divided into two regimes of flow: laminar and turbulent.

  4. Reynolds number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_number

    Laminar flow tends to dominate in the fast-moving center of the pipe while slower-moving turbulent flow dominates near the wall. As the Reynolds number increases, the continuous turbulent-flow moves closer to the inlet and the intermittency in between increases, until the flow becomes fully turbulent at Re D > 2900. [13]

  5. Pipe flow - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_flow

    Depending on the effect of viscosity relative to inertia, as represented by the Reynolds number, the flow can be either laminar or turbulent. For circular pipes of different surface roughness, at a Reynolds number below the critical value of approximately 2000 [2] pipe flow will ultimately be laminar, whereas above the critical value turbulent ...

  6. Laminar flow - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar_flow

    Laminar flow occurs at lower velocities, below a threshold at which the flow becomes turbulent. The threshold velocity is determined by a dimensionless parameter characterizing the flow called the Reynolds number, which also depends on the viscosity and density of the fluid and dimensions of the channel. Turbulent flow is a less orderly flow ...

  7. File:Pipe flow velocity distribution laminar turbulent.svg

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pipe_flow_velocity...

    English: A diagram showing the velocity distribution of a fluid moving through a circular pipe, for laminar flow (left), turbulent flow, time-averaged (center), and turbulent flow, instantaneous depiction (right)

  8. Turbulence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence

    With respect to laminar and turbulent flow regimes: laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers, where viscous forces are dominant, and is characterized by smooth, constant fluid motion; turbulent flow occurs at high Reynolds numbers and is dominated by inertial forces, which tend to produce chaotic eddies, vortices and other flow instabilities.

  9. Transition point - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_point

    In the field of fluid dynamics the point at which the boundary layer changes from laminar to turbulent is called the transition point.Where and how this transition occurs depends on the Reynolds number, the pressure gradient, pressure fluctuations due to sound, surface vibration, the initial turbulence level of the flow, boundary layer suction, surface heat flows, and surface roughness.