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2. Essay - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essay

   In English essay first meant "a trial" or "an attempt", and this is still an alternative meaning. The Frenchman Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592) was the first author to describe his work as essays; he used the term to characterize these as "attempts" to put his thoughts into writing. Subsequently, essay has been

3. Claim (philosophy) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claim_(philosophy)

   A claim is a substantive statement about a thing, such as an idea, event, individual, or belief. It's truth or falsity is open to debate. It's truth or falsity is open to debate. Arguments or beliefs may be offered in support, and criticisms and challenges of affirming contentions may be offered in rebuttal.

4. Argument map - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_map

   Intermediate conclusions or sub-conclusions, where a claim is supported by another claim that is used in turn to support some further claim, i.e. the final conclusion or another intermediate conclusion: In the following diagram, statement 4 is an intermediate conclusion in that it is a conclusion in relation to statement 5 but is a premise in ...

5. Reason (argument) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason_(argument)

   Normative reasons are what people appeal to when making arguments about what people should do or believe. For example, that a doctor's patient is grimacing is a reason to believe the patient is in pain. That the patient is in pain is a reason for the doctor to do things to alleviate the pain. Explanatory reasons are explanations of why things ...

6. Five-paragraph essay - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-paragraph_essay

   The five-paragraph essay is a format of essay having five paragraphs: one introductory paragraph, three body paragraphs with support and development, and one concluding paragraph. Because of this structure, it is also known as a hamburger essay , one three one , or a three-tier essay .

7. Reason - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason

   Reason is the capacity of consciously applying logic by drawing valid conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth. [1] It is associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy, religion, science, language, mathematics, and art, and is normally considered to be a distinguishing ability possessed by humans.

8. Logical reasoning - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_reasoning

   The premises and the conclusion are propositions, i.e. true or false claims about what is the case. Together, they form an argument. Together, they form an argument. Logical reasoning is norm-governed in the sense that it aims to formulate correct arguments that any rational person would find convincing.

9. Principle of sufficient reason - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_sufficient_reason

   The modern [1] formulation of the principle is usually ascribed to early Enlightenment philosopher Gottfried Leibniz.Leibniz formulated it, but was not an originator. [2] The idea was conceived of and utilized by various philosophers who preceded him, including Anaximander, [3] Parmenides, Archimedes, [4] Plato and Aristotle, [5] Cicero, [5] Avicenna, [6] Thomas Aquinas, and Spinoza. [7]