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Rule consequentialism is a theory that is sometimes seen as an attempt to reconcile consequentialism with deontology, or rules-based ethics [15] —and in some cases, this is stated as a criticism of rule consequentialism. [16]
Contractarian ethics (morals by agreement), constrained maximization, Gauthier's Lockean proviso [2] David Gauthier FRSC ( / ˈ ɡ ɔː t i eɪ / ; 10 September 1932 – 9 November 2023) was a Canadian philosopher best known for his neo- Hobbesian or contractarian theory of morality , as developed in his 1986 book Morals by Agreement .
Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Gert studied philosophy at Cornell University.He was a professor at Dartmouth College for fifty years, from 1959 to 2009. At the time of his death in 2011, he was the Stone Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy, emeritus at Dartmouth.
Bentham said that it was the placing of women in a legally inferior position that made him choose in 1759, at the age of eleven, the career of a reformist, [70] though American critic John Neal claimed to have convinced him to take up women's rights issues during their association between 1825 and 1827. [71]
Clifford Dwight Waldo (September 28, 1913 – October 27, 2000) was an American political scientist and major figure in modern public administration. [1] Waldo's career was often directed against a scientific/technical portrayal of bureaucracy and government that now suggests the term public management as opposed to public administration. [2]
Sidgwick summarizes his position in ethics as utilitarianism "on an Intuitional basis". [10] This reflects, and disputes, the rivalry then felt among British philosophers between the philosophies of utilitarianism and ethical intuitionism, which is illustrated, for example, by John Stuart Mill's criticism of ethical intuitionism in the first chapter of his book Utilitarianism.
Principlism is an applied ethics approach to the examination of moral dilemmas centering the application of certain ethical principles. This approach to ethical decision-making has been prevalently adopted in various professional fields, largely because it sidesteps complex debates in moral philosophy at the theoretical level.
Proportionalism is an ethical theory that lies between consequential theories and deontological theories. [1] Consequential theories, like utilitarianism, say that an action is right or wrong, depending on the consequences it produces, but deontological theories, such as Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative, say that actions are either intrinsically right or intrinsically wrong.