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The table above gives properties of the vapor–liquid equilibrium of anhydrous ammonia at various temperatures. The second column is vapor pressure in kPa. The third column is the density of the liquid phase. The fourth column is the density of the vapor.
Specific volumes of pure ammonia under the pressure corresponding to saturation have been determined from -78° to 100° C. The method employed is similar to one previously used by Dieterici, and consists essentially in observing, at various temperatures, the volumes of the liquid and vapour phases in equilibrium in a closed vessel.
Note that the especially high molar values, as for paraffin, gasoline, water and ammonia, result from calculating specific heats in terms of moles of molecules. If specific heat is expressed per mole of atoms for these substances, none of the constant-volume values exceed, to any large extent, the theoretical Dulong–Petit limit of 25 J⋅mol ...
[1] [2] Superheating is achieved by heating a homogeneous substance in a clean container, free of nucleation sites, while taking care not to disturb the liquid. This may occur by microwaving water in a very smooth container. Disturbing the water may cause an unsafe eruption of hot water and result in burns. [3]
Energy densities table Storage type Specific energy (MJ/kg) Energy density (MJ/L) Peak recovery efficiency % Practical recovery efficiency % Arbitrary Antimatter ...
Properties Latency Period Initial Symptoms Blister Agents Lewisite Gas: colorless Odor: geraniums Seconds to minutes Eye irritation, coughing, sneezing, and vomiting Mustard Gas: colorless Odor: horseradish, onions, or garlic; or fishy, musty, soapy, or almonds Minutes to hours Burning eyes, eyelid swelling, repeated blinking, sneezing, nasal
A non-physical standard state is one whose properties are obtained by extrapolation from a physical state (for example, a solid superheated above the normal melting point, or an ideal gas at a condition where the real gas is non-ideal). Metastable liquids and solids are important because some substances can persist and be used in that state ...
An enthalpy–entropy chart, also known as the H–S chart or Mollier diagram, plots the total heat against entropy, [1] describing the enthalpy of a thermodynamic system. [2] A typical chart covers a pressure range of 0.01–1000 bar , and temperatures up to 800 degrees Celsius . [ 3 ]