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Otherwise, n may or may not be prime. The Solovay–Strassen test is an Euler probable prime test (see PSW [3] page 1003). For each individual value of a, the Solovay–Strassen test is weaker than the Miller–Rabin test. For example, if n = 1905 and a = 2, then the Miller-Rabin test shows that n is
In computational number theory, the Lucas test is a primality test for a natural number n; it requires that the prime factors of n − 1 be already known. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is the basis of the Pratt certificate that gives a concise verification that n is prime.
The AKS primality test (also known as Agrawal–Kayal–Saxena primality test and cyclotomic AKS test) is a deterministic primality-proving algorithm created and published by Manindra Agrawal, Neeraj Kayal, and Nitin Saxena, computer scientists at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, on August 6, 2002, in an article titled "PRIMES is in P ...
The Mersenne number M 3 = 2 3 −1 = 7 is prime. The Lucas–Lehmer test verifies this as follows. Initially s is set to 4 and then is updated 3−2 = 1 time: s ← ((4 × 4) − 2) mod 7 = 0. Since the final value of s is 0, the conclusion is that M 3 is prime. On the other hand, M 11 = 2047 = 23 × 89 is not prime.
Primality Testing for Beginners is an undergraduate-level mathematics book on primality tests, methods for testing whether a given number is a prime number, centered on the AKS primality test, the first method to solve this problem in polynomial time.
The Miller–Rabin primality test or Rabin–Miller primality test is a probabilistic primality test: an algorithm which determines whether a given number is likely to be prime, similar to the Fermat primality test and the Solovay–Strassen primality test. It is of historical significance in the search for a polynomial-time deterministic ...
The Solovay–Strassen primality test, developed by Robert M. Solovay and Volker Strassen in 1977, is a probabilistic primality test to determine if a number is composite or probably prime. The idea behind the test was discovered by M. M. Artjuhov in 1967 [ 1 ] (see Theorem E in the paper).
For a fixed base a, it is unusual for a composite number to be a probable prime (that is, a pseudoprime) to that base. For example, up to 25 × 10 9, there are 11,408,012,595 odd composite numbers, but only 21,853 pseudoprimes base 2. [1]: 1005 The number of odd primes in the same interval is 1,091,987,404.