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Hematuria can be classified according to visibility, anatomical origin, and timing of blood during urination. [1] [6]In terms of visibility, hematuria can be visible to the naked eye (termed "gross hematuria") and may appear red or brown (sometimes referred to as tea-colored), or it can be microscopic (i.e. not visible but detected with a microscope or laboratory test).
Hemoglobinuria is a condition in which the oxygen transport protein hemoglobin is found in abnormally high concentrations in the urine. [1] The condition is caused by excessive intravascular hemolysis, in which large numbers of red blood cells (RBCs) are destroyed, thereby releasing free hemoglobin into the plasma. [2]
Hemorrhagic cystitis, characterized by blood in the urine, can occur secondary to a number of causes including: infections, radiation therapy, underlying cancer, medications and toxins. [59] Medications that commonly cause this problem include the chemotherapeutic agent cyclophosphamide with rates of 2–40%. [59]
Thus, a positive result for blood can represent the presence of red blood cells , free hemoglobin (hemoglobinuria), or myoglobin (myoglobinuria). [51] Red blood cells can sometimes be distinguished from free hemoglobin or myoglobin as the former causes a speckled pattern on the test pad while the latter results in a uniform color change.
The central role of DNA damage and epigenetic defects in DNA repair genes in carcinogenesis. DNA damage is considered to be the primary cause of cancer. [17] More than 60,000 new naturally-occurring instances of DNA damage arise, on average, per human cell, per day, due to endogenous cellular processes (see article DNA damage (naturally occurring)).
Cancer cells are cells that divide continually, forming solid tumors or flooding the blood or lymph with abnormal cells. Cell division is a normal process used by the body for growth and repair. A parent cell divides to form two daughter cells, and these daughter cells are used to build new tissue or to replace cells that have died because of ...
These blood cells are not fully developed and are called blasts or leukemia cells. [2] Symptoms may include bleeding and bruising, bone pain, fatigue, fever, and an increased risk of infections. [2] These symptoms occur due to a lack of normal blood cells. [2] Diagnosis is typically made by blood tests or bone marrow biopsy. [2]
Most signs and symptoms of AML are caused by the crowding out in bone marrow of space for normal blood cells to develop. [7] A lack of normal white blood cell production makes people more susceptible to infections. [8] A low red blood cell count can cause fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath and palpitations. [8]