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Metals react with acids to form salts and hydrogen gas. Liberation of hydrogen gas when zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid. + () + [2] [3] However less reactive metals can not displace the hydrogen from acids. [3] (They may react with oxidizing acids though.)
Medicine: Organic synthesis plays a vital role in drug discovery, allowing chemists to develop and optimize new drugs by modifying organic molecules. [9] Additionally, the synthesis of metal complexes for medical imaging and cancer treatments is a key application of chemical synthesis, enabling advanced diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. [10]
In organofluorine chemistry, many perfluorinated compounds are prepared by electrochemical synthesis, which is conducted in liquid HF at voltages near 5–6 V using Ni anodes. The method was invented in the 1930s. [26] Amines, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and sulfonic acids are converted to perfluorinated derivatives using this technology.
Energy consumption per unit weight of product is not far below that for iron and steel manufacture [13] and greater than for the production of glass [14] or cement. [ 15 ] Since electricity is an indispensable raw material for the production of chlorine, the energy consumption corresponding to the electrochemical reaction cannot be reduced.
In the reaction, sodium metal goes from an oxidation state of 0 (a pure element) to +1: in other words, the sodium lost one electron and is said to have been oxidized. On the other hand, the chlorine gas goes from an oxidation of 0 (also a pure element) to −1: the chlorine gains one electron and is said to have been reduced.
It is isoelectronic with nitric acid HNO 3. The bicarbonate ion carries a negative one formal charge and is an amphiprotic species which has both acidic and basic properties. It is both the conjugate base of carbonic acid H 2 CO 3; and the conjugate acid of CO 2− 3, the carbonate ion, as shown by these equilibrium reactions: CO 2− 3 + 2 H 2 ...
Bases and acids are seen as chemical opposites because the effect of an acid is to increase the hydronium (H 3 O +) concentration in water, whereas bases reduce this concentration. A reaction between aqueous solutions of an acid and a base is called neutralization , producing a solution of water and a salt in which the salt separates into its ...
Most of the salts from strong acids are soluble in water. The ionic radius (0.900) of yttrium in [Y(H 2 O) 6] 3+ is similar to that of holmium [Ho(H 2 O) 6] 3+ (0.901), and differs from easily hydrolyzed [Sc(H 2 O) 6] 3+. [3] Yttrium carbonate and yttrium oxalate are sparingly soluble in water, but are dissolved in acid. They decompose on ...