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PK/PD relationships can be described by simple equations such as linear model, Emax model or sigmoid Emax model. [5] However, if a delay is observed between the drug administration and the drug effect, a temporal dissociation needs to be taken into account and more complex models exist: [ 6 ] [ 7 ]
Pharmacodynamics is sometimes abbreviated as PD and pharmacokinetics as PK, especially in combined reference (for example, when speaking of PK/PD models). Pharmacodynamics places particular emphasis on dose–response relationships, that is, the relationships between drug concentration and effect. [1]
The first pharmacokinetic model described in the scientific literature [2] was in fact a PBPK model. It led, however, to computations intractable at that time. The focus shifted then to simpler models, [3] for which analytical solutions could be obtained (such solutions were sums of exponential terms, which led to further simplifications.)
Pharmacokinetics: . Process of the uptake of drugs by the body, the biotransformation they undergo, the distribution of the drugs and their metabolites in the tissues, and the elimination of the drugs and their metabolites from the body over a period of time.
Pharmacometrics is a field of study of the methodology and application of models for disease and pharmacological measurement.It uses mathematical models of biology, pharmacology, disease, and physiology to describe and quantify interactions between xenobiotics and patients (human and non-human), including beneficial effects and adverse effects. [1]
PharmGKB pathways are evidence-based diagrams detailing the pharmacokinetics (PK) or pharmacodynamics (PD) of a PGx-relevant drug, accompanied by text providing background on the drug and a discussion of its PK, PD and PGx. Pathways are typically published in the journal Pharmacogenetics and Genomics.
In the field of pharmacokinetics, the area under the curve (AUC) is the definite integral of the concentration of a drug in blood plasma as a function of time (this can be done using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry [1]).
In 1981, Aarons said that because of the practice at the time of multiple drug therapy, there was a good chance of drug-drug interaction. He reviewed the literature around pharmacokinetic interactions when there is a change of the disposition of the interacting drugs, in particular, the mechanisms that cause these changes. He noted that in drug ...