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Halogenation of benzene where X is the halogen, catalyst represents the catalyst (if needed) and HX represents the protonated base. A few types of aromatic compounds, such as phenol, will react without a catalyst, but for typical benzene derivatives with less reactive substrates, a Lewis acid is required as a catalyst.
In chemistry, the haloform reaction (also referred to as the Lieben haloform reaction) is a chemical reaction in which a haloform (CHX 3, where X is a halogen) is produced by the exhaustive halogenation of an acetyl group (R−C(=O)CH 3, where R can be either a hydrogen atom, an alkyl or an aryl group), in the presence of a base.
The ferric chloride test is used to determine the presence of phenols in a given sample or compound (for instance natural phenols in a plant extract). Enols , hydroxamic acids , oximes, and sulfinic acids give positive results as well. [ 1 ]
The decolouration of bromine water by electron-rich arenes is used in the bromine test. Reaction between benzene and halogen to form an halogenobenzene. The oxychlorination of benzene has been well investigated, motivated by the avoidance of HCl as a coproduct in the direct halogenation: [3] 4 C 6 H 6 + 4 HCl + O 2 → 4 C 6 H 5 Cl + H 2 O
The Nencki reaction (1881) is the ring acetylation of phenols with acids in the presence of zinc chloride. [24] In a green chemistry variation aluminium chloride is replaced by graphite in an alkylation of p-xylene with 2-bromobutane. This variation will not work with primary halides from which less carbocation involvement is inferred. [25]
In biochemistry, naturally occurring phenols are natural products containing at least one phenol functional group. [1] [2] [3] Phenolic compounds are produced by plants and microorganisms. [4] Organisms sometimes synthesize phenolic compounds in response to ecological pressures such as pathogen and insect attack, UV radiation and wounding. [5]
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The Raschig–Hooker process's ability to make phenol makes it comparable to other methods, such as the Dow and Bayer process, which also converts benzene into phenol. In fact, the ability to recycle the hydrogen chloride made the Raschig–Hooker process preferable to the Dow and Bayer process, which requires its sodium chloride product to be ...