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  2. Inductive effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_effect

    The inductive effect can be used to determine the stability of a molecule depending on the charge present on the atom and the groups bonded to the atom. For example, if an atom has a positive charge and is attached to a - I group its charge becomes 'amplified' and the molecule becomes more unstable.

  3. Electron-withdrawing group - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-withdrawing_group

    Electron-withdrawing groups exert an "inductive" or "electron-pulling" effect on covalent bonds. The strength of the electron-withdrawing group is inversely proportional to the pKa of the carboxylic acid. [2] The inductive effect is cumulative: trichloroacetic acid is 1000x stronger than chloroacetic acid.

  4. Swain–Lupton equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swain–Lupton_equation

    The most dominant effect is clear when looking at the ratio of R to F. For example, a tungsten complex was shown to alkylate allyl carbonates A and B. The ratio of products A1 and B1 can be attributed to the para substituent, X (Fig. 3). Using Swain–Lupton parameters (σ = 0.2F + 0.8R) a ρ value of -2.5 was found to be the slope.

  5. Bent's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent's_rule

    The inductive effect is the transmission of charge through covalent bonds and Bent's rule provides a mechanism for such results via differences in hybridisation. In the table below, [ 26 ] as the groups bonded to the central carbon become more electronegative, the central carbon becomes more electron-withdrawing as measured by the polar ...

  6. Electrophilic aromatic directing groups - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_aromatic...

    In general, the resonance effect of elements in the third period and beyond is relatively weak. This is mainly because of the relatively poor orbital overlap of the substituent's 3p (or higher) orbital with the 2p orbital of the carbon. Due to a stronger resonance effect and inductive effect than the heavier halogens, fluorine is anomalous.

  7. Woman arrested for allegedly trying to smuggle meth disguised ...

    www.aol.com/woman-arrested-allegedly-trying...

    A Canadian woman was arrested after trying to smuggle over 20 pounds of methamphetamine through a New Zealand airport, authorities said. The illicit drugs were disguised as Christmas presents, New ...

  8. Field effect (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_effect_(chemistry)

    A field effect is the polarization of a molecule through space. The effect is a result of an electric field produced by charge localization in a molecule. [1] This field, which is substituent and conformation dependent, can influence structure and reactivity by manipulating the location of electron density in bonds and/or the overall molecule. [2]

  9. Trump tariffs on Canada imports could bring sharply higher ...

    www.aol.com/trump-tariffs-canada-imports-could...

    Donald Trump's proposed tariffs on Canada could increase U.S. gas prices by up to 70 cents a gallon, energy experts say.