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  2. French peasants - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_peasants

    Philip Calderon "French Peasants Finding Their Stolen Child"; 1859. French peasants were the largest socio-economic group in France until the mid-20th century. The word peasant, while having no universally accepted meaning, is used here to describe subsistence farming throughout the Middle Ages, often smallholders or those paying rent to landlords, and rural workers in general.

  3. Peasant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant

    The Annales School of 20th-century French historians emphasized the importance of peasants. Its leader Fernand Braudel devoted the first volume—called The Structures of Everyday Life—of his major work, Civilization and Capitalism 15th–18th Century to the largely silent and invisible world that existed below the market economy.

  4. Ferme générale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferme_générale

    By the end of the 18th century, the Ferme générale system became a symbol of an unequal society. The Ferme générale, and the great wealth of its proprietors, was seen as encapsulating all the perversions of the political and social system. People blamed the injustices and annoyances – which actually arose from the complexity of the tax ...

  5. History of France - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_France

    The "Philosophes" were 18th-century French intellectuals who dominated the French Enlightenment and were influential across Europe. [43] The philosopher Denis Diderot was editor-in-chief of the famous Enlightenment accomplishment, the 72,000-article Encyclopédie (1751–72). [44] It sparked a revolution in learning throughout the enlightened ...

  6. Ancien régime - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_régime

    In 1484, about 97% of France's 13 million people lived in rural villages. In 1700, at least 80% of the population of 20 million were peasants. In the 17th century, peasants had ties to the market economy, provided much of the capital investment necessary for agricultural growth and frequently changed villages or towns.

  7. Economic history of France - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_France

    Change in per capita GDP of France, 1820–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 international dollars. The economic history of France involves major events and trends, including the elaboration and extension of the seigneurial economic system (including the enserfment of peasants) in the medieval Kingdom of France, the development of the French colonial empire in the early modern ...

  8. Banalité - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banalité

    Banalités (French pronunciation:; from ban) were, until the 18th century, restrictions in feudal tenure in France by an obligation to have peasants use the facilities of their lords. These included the required use-for-payment of the lord 's mill to grind grain , his wine press to make wine, and his oven to bake bread.

  9. Flour War - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour_War

    In Ancien Régime France, bread was the main source of food for poor peasants And the king was required to ensure the food supply of his subjects, being affectionately nicknamed "the first baker of the kingdom". [2] Food scarcity and famine were everpresent concerns until the modern agricultural revolution, and 18th century France was no ...