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Anthracite generally costs two to six times as much as regular coal. In June 2008, the wholesale cost of anthracite was US$150/short ton, [20] falling to $107/ton in 2021; it makes up 1% of U.S. coal production. [21] The principal use of anthracite today is for a domestic fuel in either hand-fired stoves or automatic stoker furnaces.
Coal is very rich in carbon (anthracite contains 92–98%) [64] and is the largest commercial source of mineral carbon, accounting for 4,000 gigatonnes or 80% of fossil fuel. [ 65 ] As for individual carbon allotropes, graphite is found in large quantities in the United States (mostly in New York and Texas ), Russia, Mexico, Greenland, and India.
Smokeless fuels generally have a high calorific value, with that of anthracite being greater than dry wood for example, and many smokeless briquettes are made from this type of coal. Thus anthracite has a calorific value of 32.5 MJ/kg compared with that of dry wood of about 21 MJ/kg.
The fuel value of coal varies in the same order. Some anthracite deposits contain pure carbon in the form of graphite. For bituminous coal, the elemental composition on a dry, ash-free basis of 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen, 6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on a weight basis. [40]
Lignite (derived from Latin lignum meaning 'wood'), often referred to as brown coal, [1] is a soft, brown, combustible sedimentary rock formed from naturally compressed peat.It has a carbon content around 25–35% [1] [2] and is considered the lowest rank of coal due to its relatively low heat content.
In industrial chemistry, coal gasification is the process of producing syngas—a mixture consisting primarily of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H 2), carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH 4), and water vapour (H 2 O)—from coal and water, air and/or oxygen.
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It is determined by how much of the carbon has condensed to an aromatic form from the heat and pressure of deep burial. [ 6 ] In the United States, bituminous coal is defined as agglomerating coal yielding at least 10,500 Btu /lb (24,400 kJ/kg) of energy on combustion (on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis), with a fixed carbon content less ...