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The taxon Monera was first proposed as a phylum by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. Subsequently, the phylum was elevated to the rank of kingdom in 1925 by Édouard Chatton. The last commonly accepted mega-classification with the taxon Monera was the five-kingdom classification system was established by Robert Whittaker in 1969.
The kingdom Monera can be divided into two distinct groups: eubacteria (true bacteria) and archaebacteria . In 1977 Carl Woese and George E. Fox established that archaebacteria (methanogens in their case) were genetically different (based on their ribosomal RNA genes) from bacteria so that life could be divided into three principle lineages ...
Combined with the five-kingdom model, this created a six-kingdom model, where the kingdom Monera is replaced by the kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea. [16] This six-kingdom model is commonly used in recent US high school biology textbooks, but has received criticism for compromising the current scientific consensus. [13]
Bacterium – a genus of rod shaped bacteria first described in 1828, that later gave its name to the members of the Monera, formerly referred to as "a moneron" (plural "monera") in English and "eine Moneren "(fem. pl. "Moneres") in German
Historically, the kingdom Monera was divided into four divisions based on Gram staining: Firmicutes (+), Gracillicutes (−), Mollicutes (0) and Mendocutes (var.). [4] Since 1987, the monophyly of the gram-negative bacteria has been disproven with molecular studies. [5]
One main characteristic of the three-domain method is the separation of Archaea and Bacteria, previously grouped into the single kingdom Bacteria (a kingdom also sometimes called Monera), [68] with the Eukaryota for all organisms whose cells contain a nucleus. [70]
The monera differs from the four other kingdoms as "members of the Monera have a prokaryotic cytology in which the cells lack membrane-bound organelles such as chloroplasts, mitochondria, nuclei, and complex flagella." [1] The bacteria can be divided into two major subkingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
The stem word mon was used early in the history of microbiology to refer to microorganisms and germs, e.g., kingdom Monera. [7] The species name aeruginosa is a Latin word meaning verdigris ("copper rust"), referring to the blue-green color of laboratory cultures of the species.