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It was subsequently alluded to in the Bible, [3] ... The Polish-Lithuanian union made a natural rights case at the Council of Constance (1414–1418), ...
In jurisprudence, natural law can refer to the several doctrines: That just laws are immanent in nature; that is, they can be "discovered" or "found" but not "created" by such things as a bill of rights; That they can emerge by the natural process of resolving conflicts, as embodied by the evolutionary process of the common law; or
Several 17th- and 18th-century European philosophers, most notably John Locke, developed the concept of natural rights, the notion that people are naturally free and equal. [62] Locke believed natural rights were derived from divinity since humans were creations of God, and his ideas were important in the development of the modern notion of ...
The philosophical foundation of human rights is in the Bible's teachings of natural law. [ 195 ] [ 196 ] The prophets of the Hebrew Bible repeatedly admonish the people to practice justice, charity, and social responsibility.
James, after becoming James I of England, also had printed his Defense of the Right of Kings in the face of English theories of inalienable popular and clerical rights. He based his theories in part on his understanding of the Bible, as noted by the following quote from a speech to parliament delivered in 1610 as James I of England:
The phrase often serves as the first, or one of the first, rights listed in enumerations of rights, as a framing for all subsequent rights. Since Declarations of rights are often applied to all people, as natural human rights, the phrase emphasizes that all rights listed after it apply equally to every person. [48] [49]
The argument of natural laws as a basis for God was changed by Christian figures such as Thomas Aquinas, in order to fit biblical scripture and establish a Judeo-Christian teleological law. Bertrand Russell criticized the argument, arguing that many of the things considered to be laws of nature , in fact, are human conventions.
Medieval Christianity assumed the existence of three kinds of laws: divine law, natural law, and man-made law. [4] Theologians have substantially debated the scope of natural law, with the Enlightenment encouraging greater use of reason and expanding the scope of natural law and marginalizing divine law in a process of secularization. [9]