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In the figure, Excel is used to find the smallest root of the quadratic equation x 2 + bx + c = 0 for c = 4 and c = 4 × 10 5. The difference between direct evaluation using the quadratic formula and the approximation described above for widely spaced roots is plotted vs. b.
The square root of 3 is the positive real number that, when multiplied by itself, gives the number 3. It is denoted mathematically as 3 {\textstyle {\sqrt {3}}} or 3 1 / 2 {\displaystyle 3^{1/2}} . It is more precisely called the principal square root of 3 to distinguish it from the negative number with the same property.
A method analogous to piece-wise linear approximation but using only arithmetic instead of algebraic equations, uses the multiplication tables in reverse: the square root of a number between 1 and 100 is between 1 and 10, so if we know 25 is a perfect square (5 × 5), and 36 is a perfect square (6 × 6), then the square root of a number greater than or equal to 25 but less than 36, begins with ...
For large values of n, the (1 + √ 2) n term dominates this expression, so the Pell numbers are approximately proportional to powers of the silver ratio 1 + √ 2, analogous to the growth rate of Fibonacci numbers as powers of the golden ratio. A third definition is possible, from the matrix formula
The red curve shows the function f, and the blue lines are the secants. For this particular case, the secant method will not converge to the visible root. In numerical analysis, the secant method is a root-finding algorithm that uses a succession of roots of secant lines to better approximate a root of a function f.
This consists in using the last computed approximate values of the root for approximating the function by a polynomial of low degree, which takes the same values at these approximate roots. Then the root of the polynomial is computed and used as a new approximate value of the root of the function, and the process is iterated.
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The approximation ( +) and its equivalent form + ( + ( +)) can be obtained by rearranging Stirling's extended formula and observing a coincidence between the resultant power series and the Taylor series expansion of the hyperbolic sine function.