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Insulin self-injected for treatment of diabetes (i.e., diabetic hypoglycemia) Insulin self-injected surreptitiously (e.g., Munchausen syndrome) Insulin self-injected in a suicide attempt or fatality; Various forms of diagnostic challenge or "tolerance tests" Insulin tolerance test for pituitary or adrenergic response assessment; Protein challenge
When individuals take insulin without needing it, to purposefully induce hypoglycemia, this is referred to as surreptitious insulin use or factitious hypoglycemia. [3] [2] [24] Some people may use insulin to induce weight loss, whereas for others this may be due to malingering or factitious disorder, which is a psychiatric disorder. [24]
Symptoms of diabetic hypoglycemia, when they occur, are those of hypoglycemia: neuroglycopenic, adrenergic (that is, activating adrenergic receptors, resulting e.g. in fast heartbeat), and abdominal. Symptoms and effects can be mild, moderate or severe, depending on how low the glucose falls and a variety of other factors.
Insulin resistance, or low insulin sensitivity, happens when cells throughout the body don’t respond properly to the hormone insulin, especially cells in muscles, fat and the liver.
The net effect is an increase of free cortisol. This contributes to insulin resistance of pregnancy and possibly striae. [5] Despite the increase in cortisol, the pregnant mom does not exhibit Cushing syndrome or symptoms of high cortisol. One theory is that high progesterone levels act as an antagonist to the cortisol.
Insulin shock A severe condition that occurs when the level of blood glucose (sugar) drops too far and quickly. The signs are shaking, sweating, dizziness, double vision, convulsions, and collapse. Insulin shock may occur when an insulin reaction is not treated quickly enough. In severe cases, brain damage, nerve damage, or even death is possible.
In insulin-deficient diabetes (exogenous) insulin levels do not decrease as glucose levels fall, and the combination of deficient glucagon and epinephrine responses causes defective glucose counterregulation. Furthermore, reduced sympathoadrenal responses can cause hypoglycemia unawareness.
Gestational diabetes is a condition in which a woman without diabetes develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy. [2] Gestational diabetes generally results in few symptoms; [2] however, obesity increases the rate of pre-eclampsia, cesarean sections, and embryo macrosomia, as well as gestational diabetes. [2]