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In medicine, a biomarker is a measurable indicator of the severity or presence of some disease state. It may be defined as a "cellular, biochemical or molecular alteration in cells, tissues or fluids that can be measured and evaluated to indicate normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention."
In biomedical contexts, a biomarker, or biological marker, is a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition. Biomarkers are often measured and evaluated using blood, urine, or soft tissues [1] to examine normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. [2]
Biomarker discovery is a medical term describing the process by which biomarkers are discovered. Many commonly used blood tests in medicine are biomarkers. There is interest in biomarker discovery on the part of the pharmaceutical industry; blood-test or other biomarkers could serve as intermediate markers of disease in clinical trials, and as possible drug targets.
An imaging biomarker is a biologic feature, or biomarker detectable in an image. [1] In medicine, an imaging biomarker is a feature of an image relevant to a patient's diagnosis. For example, a number of biomarkers are frequently used to determine risk of lung cancer .
However, the term is often used to cover any molecular, biochemical, physiological, or anatomical property that can be quantified or measured. The National Cancer Institute (NCI), in particular, defines biomarker as a: “A biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a ...
CEA is used as tumor biomarker that can be used for Targeted Radionuclide Therapy. The cT84.66 is a chimeric antibody of murine origin that has been tested in phase I clinical trials with 111-In and 90-Yttrium. [26] [27] 111-In and 90-Y are β- emitters that are used in clinics for imaging and therapy respectively.
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Prognostic markers are biomarkers used to measure the progress of a disease in the patient sample. [1] Prognostic markers are useful to stratify the patients into groups, guiding towards precise medicine discovery. The widely used prognostic markers in cancers include stage, size, grade, node and metastasis. In addition to these common markers ...