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  2. Thin film - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film

    A thin film is a layer of materials ranging from fractions of a nanometer to several micrometers in thickness. [1] The controlled synthesis of materials as thin films (a process referred to as deposition) is a fundamental step in many applications.

  3. Physical vapor deposition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_vapor_deposition

    Physical vapor deposition (PVD), sometimes called physical vapor transport (PVT), describes a variety of vacuum deposition methods which can be used to produce thin films and coatings on substrates including metals, ceramics, glass, and polymers. PVD is characterized by a process in which the material transitions from a condensed phase to a ...

  4. Molecular-beam epitaxy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular-beam_epitaxy

    Molecular-beam epitaxy takes place in high vacuum or ultra-high vacuum (10 −8 –10 −12 Torr).The most important aspect of an MBE process is the deposition rate (typically less than 3,000 nm per hour) that allows the films to grow epitaxially (in layers on top of the existing crystal).

  5. Electron-beam physical vapor deposition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-beam_physical...

    Thin-film deposition is a process applied in the semiconductor industry to grow electronic materials, in the aerospace industry to form thermal and chemical barrier coatings to protect surfaces against corrosive environments, in optics to impart the desired reflective and transmissive properties to a substrate and elsewhere in industry to modify surfaces to have a variety of desired properties.

  6. Vacuum deposition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_deposition

    When the vapor source is a liquid or solid, the process is called physical vapor deposition (PVD), [3] which is used in semiconductor devices, thin-film solar panels, and glass coatings. [4] When the source is a chemical vapor precursor, the process is called chemical vapor deposition (CVD).

  7. Chemical vapor deposition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition

    Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a vacuum deposition method used to produce high-quality, and high-performance, solid materials. The process is often used in the semiconductor industry to produce thin films. [1]

  8. Atomic layer deposition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_layer_deposition

    Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a thin-film deposition technique based on the sequential use of a gas-phase chemical process; it is a subclass of chemical vapour deposition. The majority of ALD reactions use two chemicals called precursors (also called "reactants"). These precursors react with the surface of a material one at a time in a ...

  9. Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma-enhanced_chemical...

    Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is a chemical vapor deposition process used to deposit thin films from a gas state to a solid state on a substrate. Chemical reactions are involved in the process, which occur after creation of a plasma of the reacting gases.

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