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Similarly, the participle agrees with the subject when it is used with ser to form the "true" passive voice (e.g. La carta fue escrita ayer 'The letter was written [got written] yesterday.'), and also when it is used with estar to form a "passive of result", or stative passive (as in La carta ya está escrita 'The letter is already written.').
The Spanish copulas are ser and estar.The latter developed as follows: stare → *estare → estar. The copula ser developed from two Latin verbs. Thus its inflectional paradigm is a combination: most of it derives from svm (to be) but the present subjunctive appears to come from sedeo (to sit) via the Old Spanish verb seer.
El chico está aburrido uses estar to express a temporary state of mind ("The boy is bored"). The same strategy is used with many adjectives to express either an inherent trait (ser) or a transitory state or condition (estar). For example: "María es guapa" uses ser to express an essential trait, meaning "María is a good-looking person."
The verbs dar (to give) and estar (to be) both exhibit irregularities in the present indicative and present subjunctive because their stems cannot be stressed (in dar the stem is just d-, in estar it was originally st-). The form dé is so written to distinguish it from the preposition de.
ser estar essere istere – – – – – – Pluperfect: fuissem stetissem fossi stessi fusse – fuese estuviese fosse estivesse – – fos estigués fussi stassi fiss fusesem Infinitive: esse stāre essere stare être – ser estar ser estar essere istare ser, ésser estar siri stari esser fire, a fi Supine – statum – stato – été ...
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Like Spanish, it has two main copular verbs: ser and estar. It has a number of grammatical features that distinguish it from most other Romance languages, such as a synthetic pluperfect, a future subjunctive tense, the inflected infinitive, and a present perfect with an iterative sense.
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