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A storm surge, storm flood, tidal surge, or storm tide is a coastal flood or tsunami-like phenomenon of rising water commonly associated with low-pressure weather systems, such as cyclones. It is measured as the rise in water level above the normal tidal level, and does not include waves. [1]
It is this combined effect of low pressure and persistent wind over a shallow water body which is the most common cause of storm surge flooding problems. The term "storm surge" in casual (non-scientific) use is storm tide; that is, it refers to the rise of water associated with the storm, plus tide, wave run-up, and freshwater flooding. When ...
During storms, wind setup forms part of the overall storm surge. For example, in the Netherlands, wind setup during a storm surge can raise water levels by as much as 3 metres above normal tidal levels. In tropical regions, such as the Caribbean, wind setup during cyclones can elevate water levels by up to 5 metres. This phenomenon becomes ...
In addition, other impacts like rainfall, storm surge, area of wind damage, and tornadoes can vary significantly in storms with similar wind speeds. The minimum central pressure at sea level is often used to compare tropical cyclones because the measurements are easier and use consistent methodology worldwide, in contrast to difficult-to ...
The main cause of storm-related fatalities had been shifting away from storm surge and towards freshwater (rain) flooding. [31] However, the median death rate per storm had increased through 1979, with a lull during the 1980–1995 period. This was due to greater numbers of people moving to the coastal margins and into harm's way.
A storm surge of 5 ft (1.52 m) to 10 ft (3.04 m) was recorded from Naples to Siesta Key, including Charlotte Harbor. [8] Water levels rose over 8 ft (2.4 m) near Sarasota. [8] Naples saw a storm surge of 5.75 ft (1.75 m). [8] On the other side of the state, Daytona experienced a storm surge peak between 4 ft (1.2 m) to 4.5 ft (1.37 m). [153]
The highest storm surge is normally coincident with the radius of maximum wind. Because the strongest winds within a tropical cyclone lie at the RMW, this is the region of a tropical cyclone which generates the dominant waves near the storm, and ultimately ocean swell away from the cyclone. [12]
A wind storm must meet the following criteria: [4] Wind damage swath extending for more than 400 miles (640 km) Wind gusts of at least 58 miles per hour (26 m/s; 50 kn) along most of its length; Several, well-separated 75 miles per hour (34 m/s; 65 kn) or greater gusts; Prior to January 11, 2022, the definition for a derecho was: [12]