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The Clean Air Act of 1963 (CAA) was passed as an extension of the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, encouraging the federal government via the United States Public Health Service under the then-Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) to encourage research and development towards reducing pollution and working with states to establish their own emission reduction programs.
The vignettes can be ordered online for payment of a small fee, currently €3.67 including postage, [2] after submission of a copy of the vehicle registration certificate for verification of the emissions class. Many online third party sellers also provide a different interface to order Crit'Air vignettes for a higher price, typically €20-30.
Anyone wishing to sell a vehicle that is over four years old must first have a smog check performed. It is the seller's responsibility to get the smog certificate prior to the sale. If the vehicle is registered in California and was acquired from a spouse, domestic partner, sibling, child, parent, grandparent, or grandchild it is exempt. [4]
The California Air Resources Board (CARB or ARB) is an agency of the government of California that aims to reduce air pollution.Established in 1967 when then-governor Ronald Reagan signed the Mulford-Carrell Act, combining the Bureau of Air Sanitation and the Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board, CARB is a department within the cabinet-level California Environmental Protection Agency.
After this, the vehicle has to be tested afresh. The vehicle is tested in the car companies garage during the years maintenance and a renewed certificate has to be obtained. The certificate thus issued on a used vehicle is the Pollution Under Control certificate. [2] The sticker can be removed after buying the vehicle.
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) are pollution control standards issued by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The term is used in the Clean Air Act Extension of 1970 (CAA) to refer to air pollution emission standards, and in the Clean Water Act (CWA) referring to standards for water pollution discharges of industrial wastewater to surface waters.
Section 202(a)(1) of the Clean Air Act requires the Administrator of the EPA to establish standards "applicable to the emission of any air pollutant from…new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle engines, which in [her] judgment cause, or contribute to, air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare" (emphasis added). [3]
The Certificate of Financial Responsibility (COFR) program was created to ensure that tankers, barges, and other vessels used to transport oil and chemical-based products on U.S. should bear any ensuing cleanup costs from spills or leaks. This is based on the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and other environmental statutes. [1]