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Demonstration of 8 September 1978. The placard reads: We want an Islamic government, led by Imam Khomeini. Demonstration of "Black Friday" (8 September 1978) The 4th of September marked Eid al-Fitr, the holiday celebrating the end of the month of Ramadan. A permit for an open-air prayer was granted, in which 200,000–500,000 people attended. [115]
The shah's terminal illness was a secret at the time, but the shah knew he was dying of cancer, and his medication made him "depressed and listless". In addition several of the shah's closest advisers had recently died, and palace personnel were reportedly fired wholesale in the summer of 1978; the regime was without effective leadership. [79]
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi [a] (26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980), commonly referred to in the Western world as Mohammad Reza Shah, [b] or simply the Shah, was the last monarch of Iran (Persia). In 1941 he succeded his father Reza Shah and ruled the Imperial State of Iran until 1979 when the Iranian Revolution overthrew him, abolished the monarchy ...
Mullah (/ ˈ m ʌ l ə, ˈ m ʊ l ə, ˈ m uː l ə /) is an honorific title for Muslim clergy and mosque leaders. [1] The term is widely used in Iran and Afghanistan and is also used for a person who has higher education in Islamic theology and sharia law .
Sheikh Fazlollah bin Abbas Mazindarani (Persian: فضلالله بن عباس مازندرانی; 24 December 1843 – 31 July 1909), also known as Fazlollah Noori (Persian: فضلالله نوری), was a major figure in Iranian Constitutional Revolution (1905-1911) as a Twelver Shia Muslim scholar and politically connected mullah of the court of Iran's Shah.
They believe the 12th Imam, ordered them to follow the scholars who "guard their soul, protect their religion, and follow the commandments of their master (Allah)". [4] Consequently, the Usooli Shia community is divided into mujtahid (those who follow their own independent judgement in religious law) and muqallid (those who must follow the ...
This traced the Safavid family's lineage back to the eighth Shia Imam Ali ibn Musa al-Rida, who is buried in the Imam Reza shrine, the most revered location in Safavid Iran. The status of the Safavid family was enhanced due to their connections with Ali and Muhammad's family, as recognized by sources up to the 20th-century.
The supreme leader of Iran, [note 1] also referred to as Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution, [2] [note 2] but officially called the Supreme Leadership Authority, [note 3] is the head of state and the highest political and religious authority of the Islamic Republic of Iran (above the president).