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In mathematics, a series is, roughly speaking, an addition of infinitely many terms, one after the other. [1] The study of series is a major part of calculus and its generalization, mathematical analysis. Series are used in most areas of mathematics, even for studying finite structures in combinatorics through generating functions.
The geometric series is an infinite series derived from a special type of sequence called a geometric progression.This means that it is the sum of infinitely many terms of geometric progression: starting from the initial term , and the next one being the initial term multiplied by a constant number known as the common ratio .
An infinite series of any rational function of can be reduced to a finite series of polygamma functions, by use of partial fraction decomposition, [8] as explained here. This fact can also be applied to finite series of rational functions, allowing the result to be computed in constant time even when the series contains a large number of terms.
To generate a member of the sequence from the previous member, read off the digits of the previous member, counting the number of digits in groups of the same digit. For example: 1 is read off as "one 1" or 11. 11 is read off as "two 1s" or 21. 21 is read off as "one 2, one 1" or 1211. 1211 is read off as "one 1, one 2, two 1s" or 111221.
Examples of a geometric sequence are powers r k of a fixed non-zero number r, such as 2 k and 3 k. The general form of a geometric sequence is , , , , , … where r is the common ratio and a is the initial value. The sum of a geometric progression's terms is called a geometric series.
The sum of the members of a finite arithmetic progression is called an arithmetic series. For example, consider the sum: For example, consider the sum: 2 + 5 + 8 + 11 + 14 = 40 {\displaystyle 2+5+8+11+14=40}
which is both the t-th triangular number and the s-th square number. A near-isosceles Pythagorean triple is an integer solution to a 2 + b 2 = c 2 where a + 1 = b. The next table shows that splitting the odd number H n into nearly equal halves gives a square triangular number when n is even and a near isosceles Pythagorean triple when n is odd ...
The n-th centered k-gonal number is equal to the n-th regular k-gonal number plus (n-1) 2. Just as is the case with regular polygonal numbers, the first centered k-gonal number is 1. Thus, for any k, 1 is both k-gonal and centered k-gonal. The next number to be both k-gonal and centered k-gonal can be found using the formula: