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To finish the items, the process is run for approximately 20 hours at 200 V with a starting current of 300 A (60 kW) for a furnace approximately 9 meters long by 35 cm in width and 45 cm in depth, and the resistance drops as the carbon heats due to a negative temperature coefficient, causing the current to increase. [2] Cool down takes weeks.
Diagram of a Castner lengthwise graphitization furnace. a - Mixture of Coke and Sand, b - Bricks, c - Carbon Electrodes, d - Refractory Material, e - Rods to Graphitize, f - Granulated Coke File usage
Graphitization generally occurs at high temperatures (up to 3,000 °C (5,430 °F)), and can be accelerated by catalysts such as iron or nickel. [ 2 ] When carbonaceous material is exposed to high temperatures for an extended period of time, the carbon atoms begin to rearrange and form layered crystal planes.
The burner in the vertical, cylindrical furnace as above, is located in the floor and fires upward. Some furnaces have side fired burners, such as in train locomotives. The burner tile is made of high temperature refractory and is where the flame is contained. Air registers located below the burner and at the outlet of the air blower are ...
This is because carbon must diffuse out of the graphite until it has reached the equilibrium concentration dictated by the temperature and the phase diagram. This step may be done in many types of furnaces, in a high-temperature salt bath, or via direct flame or induction heating. Numerous patents describe specific methods and variations.
Heat treating furnace at 1,800 °F (980 °C) Heat treating (or heat treatment) is a group of industrial, thermal and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical, properties of a material.
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