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Antigen processing, or the cytosolic pathway, is an immunological process that prepares antigens for presentation to special cells of the immune system called T lymphocytes. It is considered to be a stage of antigen presentation pathways.
This antigen presentation pathway enables the immune system to detect transformed or infected cells displaying peptides from modified-self (mutated) or foreign proteins. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] In the presentation process, these proteins are mainly degraded into small peptides by cytosolic proteases in the proteasome , but there are also other cytoplasmic ...
Antigen presentation stimulates immature T cells to become either mature "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or mature "helper" CD4+ cells. An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays an antigen bound by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins on its surface; this process is known as antigen presentation.
HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain also known as HLA-DR antigens-associated invariant chain or CD74 (Cluster of Differentiation 74), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD74 gene. [5] [6] The invariant chain (Abbreviated Ii) is a polypeptide which plays a critical role in antigen presentation.
All mDCs have specialized functions and secretory factors, but they are all still able to cross present antigens in order to activate cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. [ 10 ] There are many factors that determine cross presentation function such as antigen uptake and processing mechanism, as well as environmental signals and activation of cross ...
An illustration that shows how antigens induce the immune system response by interacting with an antibody that matches the molecular structure of an antigen. In immunology, an antigen (Ag) is a molecule, moiety, foreign particulate matter, or an allergen, such as pollen, that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor. [1]
Antigen sampling is a key function of Peyer’s patches. Above the Peyer’s patches is a much thinner mucus layer that helps the antigen sampling. [ 14 ] Specialized phagocytic cells , called M cells , which are found in the epithelial layer of the Peyer’s patches, can transport antigenic material across the intestinal barrier through the ...
The alternative pathway is a type of cascade reaction of the complement system and is a component of the innate immune system, a natural defense against infections. The alternative pathway is one of three complement pathways that opsonize and kill pathogens. The pathway is triggered when the C3b protein directly binds a microbe. It can also be ...