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Figure 2: Adding an emitter resistor decreases gain, but increases linearity and stability. Common-emitter amplifiers give the amplifier an inverted output and can have a very high gain that may vary widely from one transistor to the next. The gain is a strong function of both temperature and bias current, and so the actual gain is somewhat ...
Diagram from Widlar's original patent. A Widlar current source is a modification of the basic two-transistor current mirror that incorporates an emitter degeneration resistor for only the output transistor, enabling the current source to generate low currents using only moderate resistor values.
See also an example of a mirror with emitter degeneration to increase mirror resistance. For the simple mirror shown in the diagram, typical values of will yield a current match of 1% or better. Figure 2: An n-channel MOSFET current mirror with a resistor to set the reference current I REF; V DD is positive voltage.
Resistor, R1, supplies the Zener current and the base current (I B) of NPN transistor (Q1). The constant Zener voltage is applied across the base of Q1 and emitter resistor, R2. Voltage across R 2 (V R2) is given by V Z − V BE, where V BE is the base-emitter drop of Q1. The emitter current of Q1 which is also the current through R2 is given by
The transistor continuously monitors V diff and adjusts its emitter voltage to equal V in minus the mostly constant V BE (approximately one diode forward voltage drop) by passing the collector current through the emitter resistor R E. As a result, the output voltage follows the input voltage variations from V BE up to V +; hence the name ...
Figure 1: Example two-port network with symbol definitions. Notice the port condition is satisfied: the same current flows into each port as leaves that port.. In electronics, a two-port network (a kind of four-terminal network or quadripole) is an electrical network (i.e. a circuit) or device with two pairs of terminals to connect to external circuits.
WASHINGTON (Reuters) -U.S. President Donald Trump said on Sunday, without citing evidence, that "certain classes of people" in South Africa were being treated "very badly" and that he would cut ...
Examples are imperfect voltage followers (emitter, source, cathode follower, etc.) and amplifiers with series negative feedback (emitter degeneration), whose input impedance is moderately increased. The op-amp non-inverting amplifier is a typical circuit with series negative feedback based on the Miller theorem, where the op-amp differential ...