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The holes are positioned symmetrically, with the centers 4 + 1 ⁄ 4 inches (108 mm) apart. It requires paper formats that are at least 9 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches (241 mm) high. There is a variant for half-letter size pages (8 + 1 ⁄ 2 by 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches or 220 mm × 140 mm), whose three holes are 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 inches (70 mm) apart.
To bind a document, the user first punches holes in the paper with a specialized hole punch. Pages must be punched a few at a time with most of these machines. If hard covers are desired, they must be punched as well. In bulk applications, a paper drilling machine may be used. Then the user chooses a spine size that will match the document.
Because of the identity property of multiplication, multiplying any quantity (physical or not) by the dimensionless 1 does not change that quantity. [5] Once this and the conversion factor for seconds per hour have been multiplied by the original fraction to cancel out the units mile and hour, 10 miles per hour converts to 4.4704 metres per second.
A standard 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 by 11 inches (220 mm × 280 mm) sheet of paper has three holes with spacing of 4 + 1 ⁄ 4 inches (110 mm). There is a variant for half-letter size pages (8 + 1 ⁄ 2 by 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches or 220 mm × 140 mm), whose three rings are 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 inches (70 mm) apart. "Ledger" size binders hold 11-by-17-inch (28 by 43 cm ...
However, a sheet of common copy paper that has a basis weight of 20 pounds (9.1 kg) does not have the same mass as the same size sheet of coarse paper (newsprint). In the former case, the standard ream is 500 sheets of 17-by-22-inch (432 by 559 mm) paper, and in the latter, 500 sheets of 24-by-36-inch (610 by 914 mm) paper.
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A center punch is used to mark the center of a point. It is usually used to mark the center of a hole when drilling holes. A drill has the tendency to "wander" if it does not start in a recess. A center punch forms a large enough dimple to "guide" the tip of the drill. The tip of a center punch has an angle between 60 and 90 degrees. [1]
The punch force required to punch a piece of sheet metal can be estimated from the following equation: [4] F = 0.7 t L ( U T S ) {\displaystyle F=0.7tL(UTS)} Where t is the sheet metal thickness, L is the total length sheared (perimeter of the shape), and UTS is the ultimate tensile strength of the material.