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Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses.Symptoms range from mild to severe and often include fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pain, headache, coughing, and fatigue.
During the worldwide Spanish flu pandemic of 1918, "Pharmacists tried everything they knew, everything they had ever heard of, from the ancient art of bleeding patients, to administering oxygen, to developing new vaccines and serums (chiefly against what we call Hemophilus influenzae – a name derived from the fact that it was originally considered the etiological agent – and several types ...
Polyvalent influenza vaccine is a type of influenza vaccine that provides immunity against more than one type of antigen. [1] In the second week after receiving the flu shot, the body's immune system is triggered by the antigens so the body starts producing antibodies.
Flu season is an annually recurring time period characterized by the prevalence of an outbreak of influenza (flu). The season occurs during the cold half of the year in each hemisphere . It takes approximately two days to show symptoms.
The 1889–1890 pandemic, often referred to as the Asiatic flu [53] or Russian flu, killed about 1 million people [54] [55] out of a world population of about 1.5 billion. It was long believed to be caused by an influenza A subtype (most often H2N2), but recent analysis largely brought on by the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak and the COVID-19 pandemic ...
Innate immune defenses are non-specific, meaning these systems respond to pathogens in a generic way. [19] This system does not confer long-lasting immunity against a pathogen. The innate immune system is the dominant system of host defense in most organisms, [ 2 ] and the only one in plants.
Adjuvants commonly are used to boost immune response, particularly for older people whose immune response to a simple vaccine may have weakened. [36] The efficacy or performance of the vaccine is dependent on several factors: the disease itself (for some diseases vaccination performs better than for others)
This is a function of the adaptive immune system. Therefore, by exposing a human, or an animal, to an immunogen in a controlled way, its body can learn to protect itself: this is called active immunization. The most important elements of the immune system that are improved by immunization are the T cells, B cells, and the antibodies B cells ...