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Current Roundup Ready crops include soy, corn (maize), canola, [2] sugar beets, [3] cotton, and alfalfa, [4] with wheat [5] still under development. Additional information on Roundup Ready crops is available on the GM Crops List. [6] As of 2005, 87% of U.S. soybean fields were planted with glyphosate resistant varieties. [7] [8]
A genetically modified soybean is a soybean (Glycine max) that has had DNA introduced into it using genetic engineering techniques. [1]: 5 In 1996, the first genetically modified soybean was introduced to the U.S. by Monsanto. In 2014, 90.7 million hectares of GM soybeans were planted worldwide, making up 82% of the total soybeans cultivation area.
In the United States, use of Roundup experienced rapid growth following the commercial introduction of a glyphosate-resistant soybean in 1996. [76] "Roundup Ready" became Monsanto's trademark for its patented line of crop seeds that are resistant to Roundup. Between 1990 and 1996 sales of Roundup increased around 20% per year. [77]
In 2011, the journal Weed Science highlighted the growing phenomenon of glyphosate resistance, whereby overuse of Roundup creates aggressive, herbicide-immune super-weeds, which have to be ...
[4]: 36 When farmers sprayed the modified soybeans with the glyphosate herbicide Roundup, the modified soybeans would survive while competing plants (weeds) would be killed. [5] Monsanto sold these soybeans under a limited-use license that prohibited the farmer-buyer from using the seeds for more than a single season or from saving any seed ...
The patent on the first type of Roundup Ready crop that Monsanto produced (soybeans) expired in 2014 [99] and the first harvest of off-patent soybeans occurs in the spring of 2015. [100] Monsanto has broadly licensed the patent to other seed companies that include the glyphosate resistance trait in their seed products. [101]
Monsanto's introduction of this system (planting a glyphosate-resistant seed and then applying glyphosate once plants emerged) allowed farmers to increase yield by planting rows closer together. [116] Without it, farmers had to plant rows far enough apart to allow the control of post-emergent weeds with mechanical tillage. [116]
Recently, rapid emergence of weeds thought to be resistant to Roundup have been observed. Horseweed, giant ragweed and pigweed, among others have been found growing with crops across the United States. [6] [7] [8] Insects including corn rootworm and bollworm have also begun showing signs of resistance.
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