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The four temperament theory is a proto-psychological theory which suggests that there are four fundamental personality types: sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Most formulations include the possibility of mixtures among the types where an individual's personality types overlap and they share two or more temperaments.
The presence of such differences in pre-cultural individuals (such as animals or young infants) suggests that they belong to temperament since personality is a socio-cultural concept. For this reason developmental psychologists generally interpret individual differences in children as an expression of temperament rather than personality. [103]
The Behaviour and Personality Assessment in Dogs (Beteende och personlighetsbeskrivning hund), commonly abbreviated as BPH, is a behavioural assessment developed by the Swedish Kennel Club (SKK) in May 2012 [1] [2] that aims to accurately describe the personality of a dog irrespective of whether it is a working, pet or breeding dog.
Please Understand Me II: Temperament, Character, Intelligence Please Understand Me: Character and Temperament Types (first published in 1978 as Please Understand Me: An Essay on Temperament Styles ) is a psychology book written by David Keirsey and Marilyn Bates which focuses on the classification and categorization of personality types.
The term personality has been applied to human research, whereas the term temperament has been mostly used for animal research. [20] However, both terms have been used interchangeably in the literature, or purely to distinguish humans from animals and avoid anthropomorphism. [21]
Scientists seeking evidence of a biological basis of personality have examined the relationship between temperament and neurotransmitter systems [31] [5] [11] [12] and character (defined in this context as developmental aspects of personality). Temperament is hypothesized to be associated with biological factors, but these have proven to be ...
Animal personality traits are measurable and are described in over 100 species. [5] Personality in non-human animals has also been referred to as animal disposition, coping style, and temperament. [1] There are also personality norms through the species, often found between genders. [6]
The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) is an inventory for personality traits devised by Cloninger et al. [1] It is closely related to and an outgrowth of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), and it has also been related to the dimensions of personality in Zuckerman's alternative five and Eysenck's models [2] and those of the five factor model.