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High-quality labeled training datasets for supervised and semi-supervised machine learning algorithms are usually difficult and expensive to produce because of the large amount of time needed to label the data. Although they do not need to be labeled, high-quality datasets for unsupervised learning can also be difficult and costly to produce ...
Under the Obama Administration, over 1 billion dollars were spent developing databases designed for improving the educational system, including P-20 longitudinal data systems. Although these databases do contain extensive personally identifiable information , much of this information is "not kept in a format that allows officials to easily ...
The dataset is labeled with semantic labels for 32 semantic classes. over 700 images Images Object recognition and classification 2008 [60] [61] [62] Gabriel J. Brostow, Jamie Shotton, Julien Fauqueur, Roberto Cipolla RailSem19 RailSem19 is a dataset for understanding scenes for vision systems on railways. The dataset is labeled semanticly and ...
In machine learning, a common task is the study and construction of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions on data. [1] Such algorithms function by making data-driven predictions or decisions, [2] through building a mathematical model from input data. These input data used to build the model are usually divided into multiple data ...
A longitudinal study (or longitudinal survey, or panel study) is a research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables (e.g., people) over long periods of time (i.e., uses longitudinal data). It is often a type of observational study, although it can also be structured as longitudinal randomized experiment. [1]
The set of images in the MNIST database was created in 1994. Previously, NIST released two datasets: Special Database 1 (NIST Test Data I, or SD-1); and Special Database 3 (or SD-2). They were released on two CD-ROMs. SD-1 was the test set, and it contained digits written by high school students, 58,646 images written by 500 different writers.
High School and Beyond (HS&B) is a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of people who were high school sophomores and seniors in 1980. The study was originally funded by the United States Department of Education ’s National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) as a part of their Secondary Longitudinal Studies Program .
An unbalanced panel (e.g., the second dataset above) is a dataset in which at least one panel member is not observed every period. Therefore, if an unbalanced panel contains N {\displaystyle N} panel members and T {\displaystyle T} periods, then the following strict inequality holds for the number of observations ( n {\displaystyle n} ) in the ...