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[8] [9] However, log-ratios are often used for analysis and visualization of fold changes. The logarithm to base 2 is most commonly used, [8] [9] as it is easy to interpret, e.g. a doubling in the original scaling is equal to a log 2 fold change of 1, a quadrupling is equal to a log 2 fold change of 2 and so on.
The lower quartile, Q 1, is a number such that integral of the PDF from -∞ to Q 1 equals 0.25, while the upper quartile, Q 3, is such a number that the integral from -∞ to Q 3 equals 0.75; in terms of the CDF, the quartiles can be defined as follows:
The log-likelihood of a normal variable is simply the log of its probability density function: = (). Since this is a scaled and shifted square of a standard normal variable, it is distributed as a scaled and shifted chi-squared variable.
One half is the rational number that lies midway between 0 and 1 on the number line. Multiplication by one half is equivalent to division by two, or "halving"; conversely, division by one half is equivalent to multiplication by two, or "doubling".
Quartile representation of current account balance as percent GDP by IMF WEO data Quartile representation of current account balance as percent GDP by CIA World factbook data. This article includes a list of countries of the world sorted by current account balance as a percentage of gross domestic product (nominal GDP).
Graphs of y = b x for various bases b: base 10, base e, base 2, base 1 / 2 . Each curve passes through the point (0, 1) because any nonzero number raised to the power of 0 is 1 . At x = 1 , the value of y equals the base because any number raised to the power of 1 is the number itself.
Percent of world net worth (PPP) Percent of world net worth (exchange rates) Real GDP per capita (PPP) Real GDP per capita (exchange rates) Percent of world GDP (PPP) Percent of world GDP (exchange rates) United States: 4.67 71.39 143,727 143,727 25.4 32.65 35,619 35,619 21.97 31.49 Canada: 0.5 74.18 89,252 70,916 1.7 1.74 28,731 22,828 1.91 2. ...
The highest global population growth rates, with increases of over 1.8% per year, occurred between 1955 and 1975, peaking at 2.1% between 1965 and 1970. [3] The growth rate declined to 1.1% between 2015 and 2020 and is projected to decline further in the 21st century. [ 4 ]