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Expansive clay, also called expansive soil, is a clay soil prone to large volume changes (swelling and shrinking) directly related to changes in water content. [1] Soils with a high content of expansive minerals can form deep cracks in drier seasons or years; such soils are called vertisols.
Many factors including environmental pH, seasonal variation, and biological properties affect the ability of an STP to remove PPCPs. [2] A 2013 study of a drinking water treatment plant found that of 30 PPCPs measured at both the source water and the drinking water locations, 76% of PPCPs were removed, on average, in the water treatment plant.
A practical definition of water pollution is: "Water pollution is the addition of substances or energy forms that directly or indirectly alter the nature of the water body in such a manner that negatively affects its legitimate uses." [1]: 6 Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants.
Nonpoint source pollution can be contrasted with point source pollution, where discharges occur to a body of water at a single location. The nonpoint sources of phosphates include natural decomposition of rocks and minerals, stormwater runoff , agricultural pollution , erosion and sedimentation , atmospheric deposition , and direct input by ...
Cation-exchange capacity (CEC) is a measure of how many cations can be retained on soil particle surfaces. [1] Negative charges on the surfaces of soil particles bind positively-charged atoms or molecules (cations), but allow these to exchange with other positively charged particles in the surrounding soil water. [2]
Histosols of the world. In both the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) [1] and the USDA soil taxonomy, [2] a Histosol is a soil consisting primarily of organic materials.
Soils with this shrink-swell capacity fall under the soil order of Vertisols. [6] As these soils dry, deep cracks can form on the surface, which then allows water to penetrate to deeper levels of the soil. [7] This can cause the swelling of these soils to become cyclical, with periods of both shrinking and swelling.
Unweatherable parent materials – sand, iron oxide, aluminium oxide, kaolinite clay. Erosion – common on shoulder slopes; other kinds also important.; Deposition – continuous, repeated deposition of new parent materials by flood as diluvium, aeolian processes which means by wind, slope processes as colluvium, mudflows, other means.