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Also acid ionization constant or acidity constant. A quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution expressed as an equilibrium constant for a chemical dissociation reaction in the context of acid-base reactions. It is often given as its base-10 cologarithm, p K a. acid–base extraction A chemical reaction in which chemical species are separated from other acids and bases. acid ...
Fermionic condensates are attained at lower temperatures than Bose–Einstein condensates. Fermionic condensates are a type of superfluid.As the name suggests, a superfluid possesses fluid properties similar to those possessed by ordinary liquids and gases, such as the lack of a definite shape and the ability to flow in response to applied forces.
D5773 is capable of determining cloud point within a temperature range of -60 °C to +49 °C. Results are reported with a temperature resolution of 0.1 °C. Under ASTM D5773, the test sample is cooled by a Peltier device at a constant rate of 1.5 +/- 0.1 °C/min. During this period, the sample is continuously illuminated by a light source.
Within this temperature range, the sample may appear liquid or solid. This peculiarity happens because wax crystals form less readily when it has been heated within the past 24 hrs and contributes to the lower pour point. The upper pour point is measured by pouring the test sample directly into a test jar.
Supercooling, [1] also known as undercooling, [2] [3] is the process of lowering the temperature of a liquid below its freezing point without it becoming a solid. Per the established international definition, supercooling means ‘cooling a substance below the normal freezing point without solidification’.
A definition of temperature can be based on the relationship: = The relationship suggests that a positive temperature corresponds to the condition where entropy, S, increases as thermal energy, q rev, is added to the system. This is the "normal" condition in the macroscopic world, and is always the case for the translational, vibrational ...
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Nitrogen is a liquid under −195.8 °C (77.3 K).. In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.. The 13th International Institute of Refrigeration's (IIR) International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington, DC in 1971) endorsed a universal definition of "cryogenics" and "cryogenic" by accepting a threshold of 120 K (−153 °C) to ...