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Higher-order programming is a style of computer programming that uses software components, like functions, modules or objects, as values. It is usually instantiated with, or borrowed from, models of computation such as lambda calculus which make heavy use of higher-order functions. A programming language can be considered higher-order if ...
The Chain of Responsibility [2] design pattern is one of the twenty-three well-known GoF design patterns that describe common solutions to recurring design problems when designing flexible and reusable object-oriented software, that is, objects that are easier to implement, change, test, and reuse.
For example, the implementation of set union in the OCaml standard library in theory is asymptotically faster than the equivalent function in the standard libraries of imperative languages (e.g., C++, Java) because the OCaml implementation can exploit the immutability of sets to reuse parts of input sets in the output (see persistent data ...
Laravel is a free and open-source PHP-based web framework for building web applications. [3] It was created by Taylor Otwell and intended for the development of web applications following the model–view–controller (MVC) architectural pattern and based on Symfony.
Folds can be regarded as consistently replacing the structural components of a data structure with functions and values. Lists, for example, are built up in many functional languages from two primitives: any list is either an empty list, commonly called nil ([]), or is constructed by prefixing an element in front of another list, creating what is called a cons node ( Cons(X1,Cons(X2,Cons ...
PGF is a lower-level language, while TikZ is a set of higher-level macros that use PGF. The top-level PGF and Ti k Z commands are invoked as TeX macros , but in contrast with PSTricks , the PGF/Ti k Z graphics themselves are described in a language that resembles MetaPost .
For example, a module may require functions of type a-> b, but it is more convenient to write functions of type a * c-> b where there is a fixed relationship between the objects of type a and c. A function of type c-> (a * c-> b)-> a-> b can factor out this commonality. This is an example of the adapter pattern. [citation needed]
In the area of mathematical logic and computer science known as type theory, a kind is the type of a type constructor or, less commonly, the type of a higher-order type operator. A kind system is essentially a simply typed lambda calculus "one level up", endowed with a primitive type, denoted ∗ {\displaystyle *} and called "type", which is ...