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  2. File:US Citizenship test questions - English.pdf - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Citizenship_test...

    English: This is the official list of questions (and expected answers) that can be asked on the civics portion of the American naturalization test, revised in January of 2019. While most of these questions are supplied with answers, the ones that ask about specific members of the American government are not.

  3. American Civics Test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civics_Test

    Local libraries may offer free resources to help naturalization applicants prepare for the American Civics Test. The American Civics Test (also known as the American Citizenship Test, U.S. Civics Test, U.S Citizenship Test, and U.S. Naturalization Test) is an oral examination that is administered to immigrants who are applying for U.S. citizenship.

  4. Citizenship test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_test

    The German citizenship test is required of German nationality applicants age 16 or older who did not attend German school or German higher education in law or social, political, or administrative sciences. has 33 questions including three questions specific to the German state where the applicant lives. The time limit is 60 minutes.

  5. V (D)J recombination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V(D)J_recombination

    DNA rearrangement causes one copy of each type of gene segment to go in any given lymphocyte, generating an enormous antibody repertoire; roughly 3×10 11 combinations are possible, although some are removed due to self reactivity. Most T cell receptors are composed of a variable alpha chain and a beta chain. The T cell receptor genes are ...

  6. DNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA

    Genomic DNA is tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. [97]

  7. Circulating free DNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulating_free_DNA

    Cellfree DNA (cfDNA) is present in the circulating plasma and in other body fluids. [13] The release of cfDNA into the bloodstream appears by different reasons, including apoptosis, necrosis and NETosis. Its rapidly increased accumulation in blood during tumor development is caused by an excessive DNA release by apoptotic cells and necrotic ...

  8. Cell-free fetal DNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-free_fetal_DNA

    Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) is fetal DNA that circulates freely in the maternal blood. Maternal blood is sampled by venipuncture. Analysis of cffDNA is a method of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis frequently ordered for pregnant women of advanced age. Two hours after delivery, cffDNA is no longer detectable in maternal blood.

  9. Viral replication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_replication

    It is the first step of viral replication. Some viruses attach to the cell membrane of the host cell and inject its DNA or RNA into the host to initiate infection. Attachment to a host cell is often achieved by a virus attachment protein that extends from the protein shell , of a virus. This protein is responsible for binding to a surface ...