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  2. Deniable encryption - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniable_encryption

    One example of deniable encryption is a cryptographic filesystem that employs a concept of abstract "layers", where each layer can be decrypted with a different encryption key. [ citation needed ] Additionally, special " chaff layers" are filled with random data in order to have plausible deniability of the existence of real layers and their ...

  3. Deniable authentication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniable_authentication

    For example, in the Off-the-Record Messaging (OTR) protocol, MAC keys are derived from the asymmetric decryption key through a cryptographic hash function. In addition to that, the OTR protocol also reveals used MAC keys as part of the next message, after they have already been used to authenticate previously received messages, and will not be ...

  4. Double Ratchet Algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Ratchet_Algorithm

    An example of this is the Signal Protocol, which combines the Double Ratchet Algorithm, prekeys, and a 3-DH handshake. [7] The protocol provides confidentiality, integrity, authentication, participant consistency, destination validation, forward secrecy, backward secrecy (aka future secrecy), causality preservation, message unlinkability ...

  5. Diffie–Hellman key exchange - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffie–Hellman_key_exchange

    The History of Non-Secret Encryption JH Ellis 1987 (28K PDF file) (HTML version) The First Ten Years of Public-Key Cryptography Whitfield Diffie, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 76, no. 5, May 1988, pp: 560–577 (1.9MB PDF file) Menezes, Alfred; van Oorschot, Paul; Vanstone, Scott (1997). Handbook of Applied Cryptography Boca Raton, Florida: CRC ...

  6. Block cipher mode of operation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_mode_of_operation

    In cryptography, a block cipher mode of operation is an algorithm that uses a block cipher to provide information security such as confidentiality or authenticity. [1] A block cipher by itself is only suitable for the secure cryptographic transformation (encryption or decryption) of one fixed-length group of bits called a block. [2]

  7. Non-interactive zero-knowledge proof - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-interactive_zero...

    Non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs are cryptographic primitives, where information between a prover and a verifier can be authenticated by the prover, without revealing any of the specific information beyond the validity of the statement itself. This makes direct communication between the prover and verifier unnecessary, effectively removing ...

  8. Key derivation function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_derivation_function

    Example of a Key Derivation Function chain as used in the Signal Protocol.The output of one KDF function is the input to the next KDF function in the chain. In cryptography, a key derivation function (KDF) is a cryptographic algorithm that derives one or more secret keys from a secret value such as a master key, a password, or a passphrase using a pseudorandom function (which typically uses a ...

  9. Ciphertext indistinguishability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciphertext_indistinguish...

    As another example, some kinds of steganography attempt to hide data by making it match the statistical characteristics of the innocent "random" image noise in digital photos. To support such deniable encryption systems, a few cryptographic algorithms are specifically designed to make ciphertext messages indistinguishable from random bit strings.